Friday, March 6, 2009

GRAMMAR p 21

===begin Grammar p 21===

e-to-ska, ----------his, or her nephew.
he-nto-ska-me, ------my niece.
de-to-ska-me,-------your niece.
e-to-ska-me,--------his, or her niece.
he-yu-gae, ---------my daughter.
de-yu-gae,----------your daughter.
e-yu-gae,----------his, or her daughter.
he-ye-gae, ----------my son
de-ye-gae,-----------your son.
e-ye-gae, -----------his, or her son.
he-nta-kwa,---------my grandson.
de-ta-kwa,----------your grandson.
e-ta-kwa,-----------his , or her grandson.
he-nta-kwame,--------my granddaughter.
de-ta-kwa-me,-------your granddaughter.
e-ta-kwa-me,--------his, or her granddaughter.
he-ye-na,-----------my elder brother.
de-ye-na,------------your elder brother.
e-ye-na, ------------his, or her elder brother.
he-nfu-gae,----------my younger brother.
de-fu-gae,-----------your younger brother.
e-fu-gae,-----------his, or her younger brother.
he-yu-na,-----------my elder sister.
de-yu-na,-----------your elder sister
e-yu-na,-----------his, or her elder sister.

===end p 21===

Lance's Notes for p 21



nephew (c'td from p 20)

e-to-ska, ----------his, or her nephew.
itoska (H/I)
hintosge (today)

The a vs e in tosga/tosge is because the actual
sound is like e in bet; H/I wrote it using a
a and today we use an e, although the sound
is neither a strict a 'ah' or a strict e 'ay' sound

in other words, you don't pronounce it
to-SGAY or to-SKAH
it is supposed to sound more like
to-SKEH
as in hintosge/hintoska
heen-TOH-skeh = my nephew

And remember in Indian usage, you don't refer
to your relative by name, but by kinship.
We do this partially in English.
Most of us say "Mom" or "Dad"
not "Jane" or Joe"
We say "Grandma" or "Grandpa"
not "Bob" or "Sue"
We do say "Uncle Fred" or "Aunt Sue"
Kind of a hybrid form
But in English we call brothers or sisters,
sons, daughters, nephews, nieces
by their given name.
Not so in traditional Indian culture,
where we always address someone
by the relationship they have to us.
Using someone's given name to
address them is not respectful,
the same way calling your Grandmother
"hey Emily !" is not respectful.

niece

he-nto-ska-me, ------my niece.
hintoskami (H/I)
hintosgemi (today)

de-to-ska-me,-------your niece.
ditoskami (H/I)
ritosgemi (today)

NOTE on R, a a reminder: H/I and many others have hear initial r as d,
--because initial r flapped sounds much like a d to English-speakers;
--Ioway r is not the hard r we hear in English, is is like the flapped r
---in Spanish (not the trilled r in Spanish)

e-to-ska-me,--------his, or her niece.
itoskami (H/I)
itosgemi (today)

daughter

he-yu-gae, ---------my daughter.
hiyunge (H/I)
hiyunge (today)

the i is nasalized,
but if I wrote hinyunge, some might be
tempted to pronounce it
hee-NYOONG-ay
instead of the way it should be pronounced
hee(n)-YOONG-ay

de-yu-gae,----------your daughter.
diyunge (H/I)
riyunge (today)

e-yu-gae,----------his, or her daughter.
iyunge (H/I)
iyunge (today)

son

he-ye-gae, ----------my son
hiyinge (H/I)
hiyinge (today)

de-ye-gae,-----------your son.
diyinge (H/I)
riyinge (today)

e-ye-gae, -----------his, or her son.
iyinge (H/I)
iyinge (today)

grandson

he-nta-kwa,---------my grandson.
hintakwa (H/I)
hintagwa (today)

de-ta-kwa,----------your grandson.
ditagwa (H/I)
ritagwa (today)

e-ta-kwa,-----------his , or her grandson.
itakwa (H/I)
itagwa (today)

granddaughter

he-nta-kwame,--------my granddaughter.
hintakwami (H/I)
hintagwami (today)

de-ta-kwa-me,-------your granddaughter.
ditagwami (H/I)
ritagwami (today)

e-ta-kwa-me,--------his, or her granddaughter.
itakwami (H/I)
itagwami (today)

elder brother

he-ye-na,-----------my elder brother.
hiyina (H/I)
hiyina (today)

de-ye-na,------------your elder brother.
diyina (H/I)
riyina (today)

e-ye-na, ------------his, or her elder brother.
iyina (H/I)
iyina (today)

younger brother

he-nfu-gae,----------my younger brother.
hinthunge (H/I)
hinthunge (today)

de-fu-gae,-----------your younger brother.
dithunge (H/I)
rithunge (today)

e-fu-gae,-----------his, or her younger brother.
ithunge (H/I)
ithunge (today)

elder sister

he-yu-na,-----------my elder sister.
hiyuna (H/I)
hiyuna (today)

de-yu-na,-----------your elder sister
diyuna (H/I)
riyuna (today)

e-yu-na,-----------his, or her elder sister.
iyuna (H/I)
iyuna (today)

[end p. 21 notes]

Monday, March 2, 2009

GRAMMAR p 20

===begin Grammar p 20===

[affir]med; as,

He-gka,--------my father.
na-ncae,-------your father.
a-ncae,--------his father.
a-ncae-he,-----the father.
he-na,---------my mother.
de-hu,---------your mother.
e-hu,----------his mother.
he-ntu-ka,-------my grandfather, or father-
-----------------in-law.
de-tu-ka,-------your grandfather, or
----------------father-in-law.
e-tu-ka, ---his, or her grandfather, or
-----------father-in-law.
he-gku-nyae-----my grandmother, or
-----------------mother-in-law.
de-ku-nyae, or de-ku,--your grandmother or
-------------------mother-in-law.
e-kun-nyae or e-ku, --his, or her grandmother,
--------------------or mother-in-law.
he-ntu-me, --------my aunt.
de-tu-me,---------your aunt.
e-tu-me,----------his aunt.
he-ncae-ka,-------my uncle.
de-cae-ka,--------your uncle.
e-cae-ka,---------his, or her uncle.
he-nto-ska,-------my nephew.
de-to-ska,--------your nephew.

===end p. 20===

Lance's Notes for p. 20



He-gka,--------my father.
hingka (H/I)
hinka (today)

na-ncae,-------your father.
nanche (H/I)
nanje (today)

a-ncae,--------his father.
anche (H/I)
anje (today)

a-ncae-he,-----the father.
anchehi (H/I)
anjehi (today)

he-na,---------my mother.
hina (H/i)
hina (today)

de-hu,---------your mother.
dihu (H/I) (r-flap likely heard as a d in initial position)
rihu (today)

e-hu,----------his mother.
ihu (H/I)
ihu (today)

he-ntu-ka,-------my grandfather, or father-
-----------------in-law.
hintuka (H/I)
hintuga (today)

-Interesting that the term for grandfather was also
used for father-in-law- doubtless because as a
term of respect and deference.

de-tu-ka,-------your grandfather, or
----------------father-in-law.
rituka (H/I)
rituga (today)

e-tu-ka, ---his, or her grandfather, or
-----------father-in-law.
ituka (H/I)
ituga (today)

he-gku-nyae-----my grandmother, or
-----------------mother-in-law.
hingkunye (H/I)
hinkunyi (today)

Again, as above, the same term for grandmother
is used for mother-in-law. Be careful not to
read too much into it as anything about age.
It is about respect and deference. But also
remember that our modern culture has a negative
thing about age. Not traditional Indian
culture, which regards age as something good
and to be venerated.

de-ku-nyae, or de-ku,--your grandmother or
-------------------mother-in-law.
rikunye, or riku (H/I) (again, initial r is heard as d)
rikunyi/riku (today)

e-kun-nyae or e-ku, --his, or her grandmother,
--------------------or mother-in-law.
ikunye or iku (H/I)
ikunyi/iku (today)

he-ntu-me, --------my aunt.
hintumi (H/I)
hintumi (today)

de-tu-me,---------your aunt.
ditumi (H/I) (initial r heard as d)
ritumi (today)

e-tu-me,----------his aunt.
itumi (H/I)
itumi (today)

he-ncae-ka,-------my uncle.
hincheka (H/I)
hinjega (today)

de-cae-ka,--------your uncle.
dicheka (H/I)
rijega (today)

e-cae-ka,---------his, or her uncle.
icheka (H/I)
ijega (today)

he-nto-ska,-------my nephew.
hintoska (H/I)
hintosge (today)

de-to-ska,--------your nephew.
ditoska (H/I)
ritosge (today)

And also remember that these terms
are not used the same as in modern
culture. In Ioway culture, there was
no term for "cousin." Everyone fit into
a kinship system that called people
sister, brother, aunt, uncle, mother,
father, grandmother, grandfather. Or
friend, if not related as kin.

Just as a short example-
Using my nephews and niece as an
example, my sister Amber's children
would call me "Uncle", but my sister
Brandi "Mother" or "Little Mother."
Same with Brandi's son.
See, they are the same gender, but
I am not.
Now if my brothers Bryan and Garth
had children, their children would call
me "Father" or "Little Father" as I am the
same gender as their father. But
they would call my sisters "Aunts."
Just a short example that you can't
assume anything.

One more example-
My father's mother, I called Grandma.
Her sisters I would have called Grandma
as well. But her brothers, like Uncle
Marvin Murphy, I would call Uncle.
There was no "great uncle" in the Indian
system.
My dad would have called Aunt Alma
"Mother" because she was his mother's
sister. But he would have called Uncle
Dick or Uncle Marvin, "Uncle."
Because of that, Dad would have called
Pete Fee, son of Alma, "Brother" and
Sharon Fee Denious "Sister." And so
I would call Pete "Father" or "Little Father"
in the Indian system, while in the American
system, he is "Cousin Pete" (Second Cousin).
And don't get me involved in that
"once-removed" stuff!

And of course there are relatives you
really despise or don't want to claim--
those you ignore when possible--
or when not possible to ignore them,
you call by the proper term but with added
coldness when you are stuck having
to talk to them ("Oh. Hello. 'Uncle'.")

But of course in the old days that
didn't happen much, because you
knew your relatives were the only
ones who you could count on, so
there was elaborate means of respect
and making things right when people
hurt each other's feelings. Your relatives
were forever, so you took care of each
other. If you didn't get along personally,
you just gave each other space until
the chips were down.

The word for stranger was the same
as for (potential) enemy; that's why
when you wanted to have peace or
good relations with a stranger, you
adopted them as some sort of kin,
or became a friend with them (which
also meant something deeper than
our present kind of "friend")

===end p. 20===