tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-14258258213977121942024-03-05T11:14:09.857-08:00Ioway-Otoe Language, Culture and HistoryLance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-49883612738722888592009-03-06T06:47:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:32:27.881-08:00GRAMMAR p 21===begin Grammar p 21===<br /><br />e-to-ska, ----------his, or her nephew.<br />he-nto-ska-me, ------my niece.<br />de-to-ska-me,-------your niece.<br />e-to-ska-me,--------his, or her niece.<br />he-yu-gae, ---------my daughter.<br />de-yu-gae,----------your daughter.<br />e-yu-gae,----------his, or her daughter.<br />he-ye-gae, ----------my son<br />de-ye-gae,-----------your son.<br />e-ye-gae, -----------his, or her son.<br />he-nta-kwa,---------my grandson.<br />de-ta-kwa,----------your grandson.<br />e-ta-kwa,-----------his , or her grandson.<br />he-nta-kwame,--------my granddaughter.<br />de-ta-kwa-me,-------your granddaughter.<br />e-ta-kwa-me,--------his, or her granddaughter.<br />he-ye-na,-----------my elder brother.<br />de-ye-na,------------your elder brother.<br />e-ye-na, ------------his, or her elder brother.<br />he-nfu-gae,----------my younger brother.<br />de-fu-gae,-----------your younger brother.<br />e-fu-gae,-----------his, or her younger brother.<br />he-yu-na,-----------my elder sister.<br />de-yu-na,-----------your elder sister<br />e-yu-na,-----------his, or her elder sister.<br /><br />===end p 21===<br /><br /><h3> Lance's Notes for p 21</h3><br /><br /><B>nephew </B>(c'td from p 20) <br /><br />e-to-ska, ----------his, or her nephew.<br />itoska (H/I)<br />hintosge (today)<br /><br />The a vs e in tosga/tosge is because the actual<br />sound is like e in bet; H/I wrote it using a<br />a and today we use an e, although the sound<br />is neither a strict a 'ah' or a strict e 'ay' sound<br /><br />in other words, you don't pronounce it<br />to-SGAY or to-SKAH<br />it is supposed to sound more like <br />to-SKEH<br />as in hintosge/hintoska<br />heen-TOH-skeh = my nephew<br /><br />And remember in Indian usage, you don't refer<br />to your relative by name, but by kinship.<br />We do this partially in English.<br />Most of us say "Mom" or "Dad"<br />not "Jane" or Joe"<br />We say "Grandma" or "Grandpa"<br />not "Bob" or "Sue"<br />We do say "Uncle Fred" or "Aunt Sue"<br />Kind of a hybrid form<br />But in English we call brothers or sisters,<br />sons, daughters, nephews, nieces<br />by their given name.<br />Not so in traditional Indian culture,<br />where we always address someone <br />by the relationship they have to us.<br />Using someone's given name to<br />address them is not respectful,<br />the same way calling your Grandmother<br />"hey Emily !" is not respectful.<br /><br /><B>niece</B><br /><br />he-nto-ska-me, ------my niece.<br />hintoskami (H/I)<br />hintosgemi (today)<br /><br />de-to-ska-me,-------your niece.<br />ditoskami (H/I)<br />ritosgemi (today) <br /><br />NOTE on R, a a reminder: H/I and many others have hear initial r as d,<br />--because initial r flapped sounds much like a d to English-speakers;<br />--Ioway r is not the hard r we hear in English, is is like the flapped r<br />---in Spanish (not the trilled r in Spanish)<br /><br />e-to-ska-me,--------his, or her niece.<br />itoskami (H/I)<br />itosgemi (today)<br /><br /><B>daughter</b><br /><br />he-yu-gae, ---------my daughter.<br />hiyunge (H/I)<br />hiyunge (today) <br /><br />the i is nasalized,<br />but if I wrote hinyunge, some might be<br />tempted to pronounce it<br />hee-NYOONG-ay<br />instead of the way it should be pronounced<br />hee(n)-YOONG-ay<br /><br />de-yu-gae,----------your daughter.<br />diyunge (H/I)<br />riyunge (today)<br /><br />e-yu-gae,----------his, or her daughter.<br />iyunge (H/I)<br />iyunge (today)<br /><br /><B>son</b><br /><br />he-ye-gae, ----------my son<br />hiyinge (H/I)<br />hiyinge (today)<br /><br />de-ye-gae,-----------your son.<br />diyinge (H/I)<br />riyinge (today)<br /><br />e-ye-gae, -----------his, or her son.<br />iyinge (H/I)<br />iyinge (today)<br /><br /><b>grandson</b><br /><br />he-nta-kwa,---------my grandson.<br />hintakwa (H/I)<br />hintagwa (today)<br /><br />de-ta-kwa,----------your grandson.<br />ditagwa (H/I)<br />ritagwa (today)<br /><br />e-ta-kwa,-----------his , or her grandson.<br />itakwa (H/I)<br />itagwa (today)<br /><br /><b>granddaughter</b><br /><br />he-nta-kwame,--------my granddaughter.<br />hintakwami (H/I)<br />hintagwami (today)<br /><br />de-ta-kwa-me,-------your granddaughter.<br />ditagwami (H/I)<br />ritagwami (today)<br /><br />e-ta-kwa-me,--------his, or her granddaughter.<br />itakwami (H/I)<br />itagwami (today)<br /><br /><b>elder brother</b><br /><br />he-ye-na,-----------my elder brother.<br />hiyina (H/I)<br />hiyina (today)<br /><br />de-ye-na,------------your elder brother.<br />diyina (H/I)<br />riyina (today)<br /><br />e-ye-na, ------------his, or her elder brother.<br />iyina (H/I)<br />iyina (today)<br /><br /><b>younger brother</b><br /><br />he-nfu-gae,----------my younger brother.<br />hinthunge (H/I)<br />hinthunge (today)<br /><br />de-fu-gae,-----------your younger brother.<br />dithunge (H/I)<br />rithunge (today)<br /><br />e-fu-gae,-----------his, or her younger brother.<br />ithunge (H/I)<br />ithunge (today)<br /><br /><b>elder sister</b><br /><br />he-yu-na,-----------my elder sister.<br />hiyuna (H/I)<br />hiyuna (today)<br /><br />de-yu-na,-----------your elder sister<br />diyuna (H/I)<br />riyuna (today)<br /><br />e-yu-na,-----------his, or her elder sister.<br />iyuna (H/I)<br />iyuna (today)<br /><br />[end p. 21 notes]Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-56702938978869890602009-03-02T12:19:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:33:12.102-08:00GRAMMAR p 20===begin Grammar p 20===<br /><br />[affir]med; as,<br /><br />He-gka,--------my father.<br />na-ncae,-------your father.<br />a-ncae,--------his father.<br />a-ncae-he,-----the father.<br />he-na,---------my mother.<br />de-hu,---------your mother.<br />e-hu,----------his mother.<br />he-ntu-ka,-------my grandfather, or father-<br />-----------------in-law.<br />de-tu-ka,-------your grandfather, or<br />----------------father-in-law.<br />e-tu-ka, ---his, or her grandfather, or<br />-----------father-in-law.<br />he-gku-nyae-----my grandmother, or<br />-----------------mother-in-law.<br />de-ku-nyae, or de-ku,--your grandmother or<br />-------------------mother-in-law.<br />e-kun-nyae or e-ku, --his, or her grandmother,<br />--------------------or mother-in-law.<br />he-ntu-me, --------my aunt.<br />de-tu-me,---------your aunt.<br />e-tu-me,----------his aunt.<br />he-ncae-ka,-------my uncle.<br />de-cae-ka,--------your uncle.<br />e-cae-ka,---------his, or her uncle.<br />he-nto-ska,-------my nephew.<br />de-to-ska,--------your nephew.<br /><br />===end p. 20===<br /><br /><h3>Lance's Notes for p. 20</h3><br /><br />He-gka,--------my father.<br />hingka (H/I)<br />hinka (today)<br /><br />na-ncae,-------your father.<br />nanche (H/I)<br />nanje (today)<br /><br />a-ncae,--------his father.<br />anche (H/I)<br />anje (today)<br /><br />a-ncae-he,-----the father.<br />anchehi (H/I)<br />anjehi (today)<br /><br />he-na,---------my mother.<br />hina (H/i)<br />hina (today)<br /><br />de-hu,---------your mother.<br />dihu (H/I) (r-flap likely heard as a d in initial position)<br />rihu (today) <br /><br />e-hu,----------his mother.<br />ihu (H/I)<br />ihu (today)<br /><br />he-ntu-ka,-------my grandfather, or father-<br />-----------------in-law.<br />hintuka (H/I)<br />hintuga (today)<br /><br />-Interesting that the term for grandfather was also<br />used for father-in-law- doubtless because as a<br />term of respect and deference.<br /><br />de-tu-ka,-------your grandfather, or<br />----------------father-in-law.<br />rituka (H/I)<br />rituga (today)<br /><br />e-tu-ka, ---his, or her grandfather, or<br />-----------father-in-law.<br />ituka (H/I)<br />ituga (today)<br /><br />he-gku-nyae-----my grandmother, or<br />-----------------mother-in-law.<br />hingkunye (H/I)<br />hinkunyi (today)<br /><br />Again, as above, the same term for grandmother<br />is used for mother-in-law. Be careful not to<br />read too much into it as anything about age.<br />It is about respect and deference. But also<br />remember that our modern culture has a negative<br />thing about age. Not traditional Indian<br />culture, which regards age as something good<br />and to be venerated.<br /><br />de-ku-nyae, or de-ku,--your grandmother or<br />-------------------mother-in-law.<br />rikunye, or riku (H/I) (again, initial r is heard as d)<br />rikunyi/riku (today)<br /><br />e-kun-nyae or e-ku, --his, or her grandmother,<br />--------------------or mother-in-law.<br />ikunye or iku (H/I)<br />ikunyi/iku (today)<br /><br />he-ntu-me, --------my aunt.<br />hintumi (H/I)<br />hintumi (today)<br /><br />de-tu-me,---------your aunt.<br />ditumi (H/I) (initial r heard as d)<br />ritumi (today)<br /><br />e-tu-me,----------his aunt.<br />itumi (H/I)<br />itumi (today)<br /><br />he-ncae-ka,-------my uncle.<br />hincheka (H/I)<br />hinjega (today)<br /><br />de-cae-ka,--------your uncle.<br />dicheka (H/I)<br />rijega (today)<br /><br />e-cae-ka,---------his, or her uncle.<br />icheka (H/I)<br />ijega (today)<br /><br />he-nto-ska,-------my nephew.<br />hintoska (H/I)<br />hintosge (today)<br /><br />de-to-ska,--------your nephew.<br />ditoska (H/I)<br />ritosge (today)<br /><br />And also remember that these terms<br />are not used the same as in modern<br />culture. In Ioway culture, there was<br />no term for "cousin." Everyone fit into<br />a kinship system that called people<br />sister, brother, aunt, uncle, mother,<br />father, grandmother, grandfather. Or<br />friend, if not related as kin. <br /><br />Just as a short example-<br />Using my nephews and niece as an<br />example, my sister Amber's children<br />would call me "Uncle", but my sister<br />Brandi "Mother" or "Little Mother."<br />Same with Brandi's son.<br />See, they are the same gender, but<br />I am not.<br />Now if my brothers Bryan and Garth<br />had children, their children would call<br />me "Father" or "Little Father" as I am the<br />same gender as their father. But<br />they would call my sisters "Aunts."<br />Just a short example that you can't<br />assume anything.<br /><br />One more example-<br />My father's mother, I called Grandma.<br />Her sisters I would have called Grandma<br />as well. But her brothers, like Uncle<br />Marvin Murphy, I would call Uncle.<br />There was no "great uncle" in the Indian<br />system.<br />My dad would have called Aunt Alma<br />"Mother" because she was his mother's<br />sister. But he would have called Uncle<br />Dick or Uncle Marvin, "Uncle."<br />Because of that, Dad would have called<br />Pete Fee, son of Alma, "Brother" and<br />Sharon Fee Denious "Sister." And so<br />I would call Pete "Father" or "Little Father"<br />in the Indian system, while in the American<br />system, he is "Cousin Pete" (Second Cousin).<br />And don't get me involved in that <br />"once-removed" stuff!<br /><br />And of course there are relatives you<br />really despise or don't want to claim--<br />those you ignore when possible--<br />or when not possible to ignore them,<br />you call by the proper term but with added<br />coldness when you are stuck having<br />to talk to them ("Oh. Hello. 'Uncle'.")<br /><br />But of course in the old days that<br />didn't happen much, because you<br />knew your relatives were the only<br />ones who you could count on, so <br />there was elaborate means of respect<br />and making things right when people<br />hurt each other's feelings. Your relatives<br />were forever, so you took care of each<br />other. If you didn't get along personally,<br />you just gave each other space until<br />the chips were down.<br /><br />The word for stranger was the same<br />as for (potential) enemy; that's why<br />when you wanted to have peace or<br />good relations with a stranger, you<br />adopted them as some sort of kin,<br />or became a friend with them (which<br />also meant something deeper than<br />our present kind of "friend")<br /><br />===end p. 20===Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-65776812559472015352009-02-26T04:34:00.000-08:002009-02-26T04:39:51.735-08:00Changes in the Ioway-Otoe-Missouria LanguageAs you go through these pages from Hamilton<br />and Irvin, and compare it to contemporary<br />examples from scholars like Good Tracks,<br />Wistrand-Robinson, or even people you<br />know personally as friends or family, you<br />will see things that may be different from <br />each other.<br /><br />A lot of Ioway-Otoe seems to have had phonological<br />(sound) changes due to the increasing importance<br />and use of English, and also probably because of<br />isolation and eventual differentiation among Ioway<br />speakers who lived in different areas, some in <br />Kansas-Nebraska, and others in Oklahoma; some<br />associating or intermarrying more with Otoe, others<br />Sauk (Sac and Fox), others white people, and even <br />other tribes in Oklahoma like Pawnee, Creek, etc.<br /><br />There has been a long period of drift and <br />differentiation in this<br />way, for sounds, spelling, vocabulary, diction.<br />Sometimes to the point that each extended family<br />or geographic group has its own "right way" of <br />talking Ioway or Otoe, and anyone who "talks<br />different" isn't doing it "the right way."<br /><br />But the reality is, no one is wrong, it is just that in <br />isolation and disuse, the language has drifted<br />in different directions over the last 150-200 years,<br />sort of like Texas English vs New York English.<br />Texans and New Yorkers can still MOSTLY understand<br />and talk to each other... WHEN they want to!<br /><br />This blog doesn't make any judgements about<br />what is "right" or "wrong"...it just gives examples<br />from the past and the present, and you can make<br />up your own mind about it all. The main thing is,<br />try to PRACTICE and USE the language to your best<br />knowledge and ability!Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-89585738591983627432009-02-26T03:21:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:35:16.505-08:00GRAMMAR p 19===begin p 19===<br /><br />ployed, according to the number of<br />the noun., e.g.<br /><br />jug-ae a-nye-a-kre-kae....I brought the horse<br />jug-ae wa-nye-a-kre-kae...I brought the horses<br /><br />11. The particle hju, or kju, is some<br />times added to nouns to give them<br />force, or generality, or universality;<br />and, when used as a conjunction in-<br />stead of ku, it shows that the noun is<br />plural: as,<br /><br />wa-nu-ncae,..........an animal<br />wa-nu-ncae-hju,.....animals, all kinds of animals<br />wa-je-kae,.............a person,<br />wa-je-kae-hju,.....all, or different kinds of<br />...............................persons.<br />cae-fka.................a cow.<br />cae-fka-hju..........various kinds of cattle.<br />he-yeg-ae-ku,........my son.<br />he-yeg-ae-hju,.....my sons.<br /><br />12. Words denoting kindred undergo<br />a change, which, in most instances, is <br />effected by prefixing one of the<br />fragments of the personal pronoun<br />which also indicates the person of<br />the noun of which the relation is affir-<br /><br />===end p 19===<br /><br /><h3>Lance's Notes for p. 19</h3><br /><br /><B>SHUNGE ANYIKRI KE</B><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcIXLeP1CxMarQNJ2y0rYxVmQinYrWELX6hgwuM73rwkJkPEhOS3TMYWSxqBbnzTXEXhFf9xWz00s1ehFM8IoDKmPTbsIfbKXX8994douqpaRvo_EEt8wNf2W77fXdwBdY3WMdpPMbB8g/s1600-h/lead+horse.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 112px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcIXLeP1CxMarQNJ2y0rYxVmQinYrWELX6hgwuM73rwkJkPEhOS3TMYWSxqBbnzTXEXhFf9xWz00s1ehFM8IoDKmPTbsIfbKXX8994douqpaRvo_EEt8wNf2W77fXdwBdY3WMdpPMbB8g/s200/lead+horse.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307342017001486162" /></a><br /><br />jug-ae a-nye-a-kre-kae....I brought the horse<br /><br />shunge anyikri ke (H/I)<br />Sunge/shunye anyigri ke (today)<br /><br />jug-ae wa-nye-a-kre-kae...I brought the horses<br /><br />shunge wanyikri ke (H/I)<br />Sunge/shunye wanyigri ke (today)<br /><br />Good Tracks' 1992 Dictionary has for "bring" (brought):<br /><br />agu; anyigu = bring (v.t.)<br />anyaji = bring; arrive having (v.)<br />agu = bring back; get back (v.t.)<br />anyigri = bring back home (v.t.)<br /><br />One sees that Hamilton-Irvin's examples <br />specifically meant:<br /><br />Shunge anyigri ke. = I brought the horse back home.<br />Shunge wanyigri ke, = I brought the horses back home.<br /><br />So one could then it seems one can make the <br />following sentences,<br />combining the information from both <br />Good Tracks (1992) and Hamilton and Irvin (1848) <br />--and recall in Ioway-Otoe<br />that present tense and past tenses are said the same <br />way, in many instances:<br /><br />Shunge agu ke. OR Shunge anyigu ke.= <br />I am bringing the horse back home.<br />I brought the horse back home.<br />I bring back the horse.<br />I brought back the horse.<br />I get the horse back.<br />I got the horse back.<br /><br />Shunge wagu ke. = <br />I am bringing the horses back home.<br />I brought the horses back home.<br />I bring back the horses.<br />I brought back the horses.<br />I get the horses back.<br />I got the horses back.<br /><br />Shunge anyigri ke. = <br />I am bringing the horse back home.<br />I brought the horse back home.<br /><br />Shunge wanyigri ke. = <br />I am bringing the horses back home.<br />I brought the horses back home.<br /><br />Shunge anyaji ke. = <br />I arrive bringing the horse.<br />I arrive having brought the horse.<br /><br />Shunge wanyaji ke. = <br />I arrive bringing the horses.<br />I arrive having brought the horses.<br /><br />It is good to practice making your own<br />sentences in as many different acceptable<br />forms as possible. That is an ESSENTIAL<br />part of learning a language. You want to<br />be able to make your own sentences as<br />needed, rather than just parroting the<br />sentences of another!<br /><br /><br /><B>-XSHU</b><br /><br />hju (hshu) / kju (kshu) = -xshu<br /><br />This is a suffix meaning "all kinds of"<br />and sometimes acts as a plural indicating<br />a sense of uniqueness to each "thing"<br />when used as a plural, as when speaking<br />of "sons" in H/I's example.<br /><br />Good Tracks (1992) gives -hsu from Hamilton as<br />"about (more/less)" and "all kinds of";<br />Related words from GT include:<br /><br />ikirara:an adjective and verb meaning "mixed;<br />different kinds of; of different kinds (colors, etc.)"<br /><br />ikihi: "to mix things together" (see the causative -hi?)<br /><br /><br /><B>WANUNJE / WANUNJEXSHU</B><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0eCtctEugMps6_O-ZzCgUZ2d_dCD_bm_40j9a7Gdm-Cf1Wlt_4qMwwQxY7bHrxF8sNo4V-AJFrwl5jhOD71DsV3vNCehqJrI0u0O_feBeWl9XJifzsXLbKHUkNLkQ2yo94AlxgZJvwR0/s1600-h/prod0694_dt.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0eCtctEugMps6_O-ZzCgUZ2d_dCD_bm_40j9a7Gdm-Cf1Wlt_4qMwwQxY7bHrxF8sNo4V-AJFrwl5jhOD71DsV3vNCehqJrI0u0O_feBeWl9XJifzsXLbKHUkNLkQ2yo94AlxgZJvwR0/s200/prod0694_dt.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307343934181670306" /></a><br /><br />wa-nu-ncae,..........an animal<br />wanunche (H/I)<br />wanunje (today)<br /><br />wa-nu-ncae-hju,.....animals, all kinds of animals<br />wanunchehshu (H/I)<br />wanunjexshu (today)<br /><br />Trying our own sentences, one<br />might then say (and let's<br />use an example as a woman would say it):<br /><br />Wanunje ada ki. "She sees an animal."<br /><br />Wanunjexshu ada ki. "She sees all kinds of animals."<br /><br /><br /><b>WANSHIGE / WANSHIGEXSHU</b><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdLvWCeRXUTOlYlP0YIj5SiQcO5u0b5R-8Vsigm9_xtNxC6Ho68Sg1rnAtNRPf3SbxzSlDqldkpjB2-3sH3hibq_B_okO9wRjLR39aRVMJLjwxqAg96U6W8VKs1g7jHFeDfjfIHuRFz4/s1600-h/6a00d83420a57c53ef00e54f58c1848833-800wi.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 133px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVdLvWCeRXUTOlYlP0YIj5SiQcO5u0b5R-8Vsigm9_xtNxC6Ho68Sg1rnAtNRPf3SbxzSlDqldkpjB2-3sH3hibq_B_okO9wRjLR39aRVMJLjwxqAg96U6W8VKs1g7jHFeDfjfIHuRFz4/s200/6a00d83420a57c53ef00e54f58c1848833-800wi.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307344923404536626" /></a><br /><br />wa-je-kae,.............a person,<br />washike (H/I)<br />wanshige (today)<br /><br />wa-je-kae-hju,.....all, or different kinds of<br />...............................persons.<br />washikehshu (H/I)<br />wanshigexshu (today)<br /><br />Examples of sentences (woman's form):<br /><br />Wanshige hu ki. "A person is coming."<br /><br />Washigexshu hu ki. "All kinds of people are coming."<br /><br /><br /><b>CHEXGA / CHEXGAXSHU</b><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bm_tTRpuJqo83I_iVM__P0tt8PotuCCddmcAo6J8lqunnsHyAmnsSNSNNAOH14mxRuFQtHB_uvcePghPLxXWOwsZpgEkPObJr7nebIW-pvvc_oNP6KRgle2RqZ_PfPbq0yLDtJfXs24/s1600-h/173510624_cc188396ec.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 130px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5bm_tTRpuJqo83I_iVM__P0tt8PotuCCddmcAo6J8lqunnsHyAmnsSNSNNAOH14mxRuFQtHB_uvcePghPLxXWOwsZpgEkPObJr7nebIW-pvvc_oNP6KRgle2RqZ_PfPbq0yLDtJfXs24/s200/173510624_cc188396ec.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307344243182856450" /></a><br /><br /><br />cae-fka.................a cow.<br />chethka (H/I)<br />chexga (today)<br /><br />che-thka = "buffalo-white" = <br />"cattle" (domestic cow)<br /><br />Note that the sound has shifted from the<br />"th" sound to the "x" (as in German aCHtung)<br />over the last 150 years. You will also<br />find older examples of "sh" or "s" in the same<br />place, as in the famous example of<br />Mahaska /Mahashka (old form of "White Cloud")<br />Now, it then became Mahathka, and now<br />Mahaxga (Mahaxka). None of the meaning<br />has changed, it is just a phonological change<br />such as all living languages sometimes go through.<br />See the next post for a note about this!<br /><br />cae-fka-hju..........various kinds of cattle.<br />chethkaxshu (H/I)<br />chexgaxshu (today)<br /><br />Examples of sentences:<br /><br />Chexga anyi ki.<br />"He has a cow." OR<br />"She has a cow."<br /><br />Chexgaxshu anyi ki.<br />"She has all kinds of cattle."<br /><br /><br /><b>HINYINGE / HINYINGEKU / HINYINGEXSHU</b><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjERRQe39xK1nHxv2C5frzco-i1vAUePG70NBAU8New18OOQ9wpJOvws34I9I6bauVzISRebTbg_A7waWiYXBrCkJBZOVhC0WehL-WoxVphMDusoi3ks2r3BTDsBWMiCIojfM7x1Rpe6MM/s1600-h/indiangrandmafamily.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 133px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjERRQe39xK1nHxv2C5frzco-i1vAUePG70NBAU8New18OOQ9wpJOvws34I9I6bauVzISRebTbg_A7waWiYXBrCkJBZOVhC0WehL-WoxVphMDusoi3ks2r3BTDsBWMiCIojfM7x1Rpe6MM/s200/indiangrandmafamily.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5307345534196089506" /></a><br /><br />he-yeg-ae-ku,........my son.<br />hiyingeku (H/I)<br />hinyinge (my son) (today)<br />Note the form has changed since<br />H/I's time, with the "ku" sound<br />dropped in this singular form.<br /><br />he-yeg-ae-hju,.....my sons.<br />hiyingehshu (H/I)<br />hinyingexshu (today)<br />Again, not used today, but you can<br />see it could come in handy, when<br />speaking of your sons as <br />different individuals (and <br />wouldn't that generally be the case?)<br /><br />Je'e hinyingeku ki. "This is my son."<br />or just<br />Je'e hinyinge ki.<br /><br />Je'e hinyingexshu ki.<br />"These are my sons." (Implying their<br />individuality and unique natures.)Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-53522870960376042902009-02-21T19:21:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:36:26.194-08:00GRAMMAR p 18===begin p 18===<br /><br />3 --By adding a pronoun in the possessive<br />case.<br /><br />NOTE. Nouns expressive of kindred, or relation, are<br />exceptions to this rule.<br /><br />V.<br />OF NUMBER.<br /><br />9 --The number of nouns is indicated,<br />not by a change in the noun, but by <br />the singular, or plural form of the<br />verb, or, of the fragment-pronoun<br />used in its conjugation. as,<br /><br />ma-he cae a-rae-kae,----here is the knife.<br />ma-he cae a-rae-nyae-kae, here are the knives.<br />fe-gae a-rae-kae,------ it is a squirrel.<br />fe-gae a-rae-nyae-kae, -they are squirrels.<br />mu-ncae e-ya a-ta-kae, --I saw a bear.<br />mu-ncae wa-ta-kae, ---I saw (several) bears.<br />e-ce-nce-gae he-gke-cae-<br />kae, ----------------my child is dead.<br />e-ce-nce-gae he-gke-cae-<br />nyae-kae, -----------my children are dead.<br /><br />10--If the noun is in the objective case,<br />then the singular, or plural form of the<br />fragment-pronoun, by the help of<br />which the verb is conjugated, is em-<br /><br />===end p 18===<br /><br /><h3>Lance's Notes on p 18</h3><br /><br /><B>MAHI</B><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKjOfxd9jEO2NRQ_yIPidKjPlVFTMIJRnyIwW3o4TzZFpQm6TPhe6LKWVcMf4yfVgIBUe8aJwLvRZLpvzBhH805reKkaQUj1SflgfwVAFy9lcSjZmKuCNzi0W0GSza85kFeVmYocMa1Qw/s1600-h/USS_Iowa_1.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 158px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKjOfxd9jEO2NRQ_yIPidKjPlVFTMIJRnyIwW3o4TzZFpQm6TPhe6LKWVcMf4yfVgIBUe8aJwLvRZLpvzBhH805reKkaQUj1SflgfwVAFy9lcSjZmKuCNzi0W0GSza85kFeVmYocMa1Qw/s200/USS_Iowa_1.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305485842593041442" /></a><br /><br />ma-he cae a-rae-kae,----here is the knife.<br /><br />mahi che are ke (H/I)<br /><br />mahi je'e are ke (today)=<br /><br />mahi (knife) + je'e (this(here)) + are (is)+<br />ke (statement of fact)<br /><br />ma-he cae a-rae-nyae-kae, here are the knives.<br /><br />mahi che arenye ke (H/I)<br /><br />mahi je'e arenye ke (today)=<br /><br />mahi (knife) + je'e (this(here)) + arenye (are)+<br />ke (statement of fact)<br /><br /><B>THINGE</B><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn5XquiapvT8kaaj2bFcL1c9I80PCDjvXQB7I5UHhTuCijMLoGSDvwEQqkMYX9kHpZFe0tkbImAea-mBE-OeoTGfQM1WEsBSKp1UvNU6yOkY_6X7kbZrEBbrSl_R11gbEZiDWHHv2tnW8/s1600-h/eastern-gray-squirrel.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 172px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn5XquiapvT8kaaj2bFcL1c9I80PCDjvXQB7I5UHhTuCijMLoGSDvwEQqkMYX9kHpZFe0tkbImAea-mBE-OeoTGfQM1WEsBSKp1UvNU6yOkY_6X7kbZrEBbrSl_R11gbEZiDWHHv2tnW8/s200/eastern-gray-squirrel.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305483400053492434" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGxavnk_SrkjWm1GKjeSTutR8J0aqNcm-q7mhitUNkApDWbDxZgl6ssr2QjDclCF0G_rgl4aBVwZPaVfToyD1ja06Z22tm2vgXrCOQhz3d-I9YmSvLaXR4RPPMa6waI4H11y_ELSh3nLI/s1600-h/Sciurus_niger_(on_fence).jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 178px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGxavnk_SrkjWm1GKjeSTutR8J0aqNcm-q7mhitUNkApDWbDxZgl6ssr2QjDclCF0G_rgl4aBVwZPaVfToyD1ja06Z22tm2vgXrCOQhz3d-I9YmSvLaXR4RPPMa6waI4H11y_ELSh3nLI/s200/Sciurus_niger_(on_fence).jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305483400316072418" /></a><br /><br />fe-gae a-rae-kae,------ it is a squirrel.<br /><br />thinge are ke (H/I) <br /><br />thinge are ke (today) <br />(thinge = THEENG-eh or THEENG-ay)<br /><br />thinge (squirrel) + are (is) + ke (statement of fact)<br /><br />Today's materials indicate thinge is used by the <br />Otoe, while Ioway use thinye; this seems<br />to be an interesting change from H/I's time<br /><br />fe-gae a-rae-nyae-kae, -they are squirrels.<br /><br />thinge arenye ke (H/I)<br /><br />thinge (or thinye) arenye ke (today)<br /><br />Thinge/thinye also means "tail"; <br />it makes sense that the squirrel would<br />have been named based on its most<br />obvious feature! In this case, thinge refers<br />to tree squirrels rather than ground squirrels.<br />There are two native tree squirrel species for Iowa<br />and the midwest, the Eastern Gray Squirrel<br />(<I>Sciurus carolinensis</I>) (top) and the<br />Fox Squirrel (<I>Sciurus niger</I>) (bottom).<br /><br /><B>MUNJE</B><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_RQffuKmOkPUXxqQmqAQBoerJyshBQLb66X4eQiMNlD7RbxKqyc1vL2JA-Ck8lMTl2r3iVRZJK5lViCRcQzJo1OmWppL_sKCfohe-bmhfBhGc25E62UDq461XR8ZYN4V4jge8sxxLtGw/s1600-h/Black-Bear.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 133px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_RQffuKmOkPUXxqQmqAQBoerJyshBQLb66X4eQiMNlD7RbxKqyc1vL2JA-Ck8lMTl2r3iVRZJK5lViCRcQzJo1OmWppL_sKCfohe-bmhfBhGc25E62UDq461XR8ZYN4V4jge8sxxLtGw/s200/Black-Bear.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305485010680250722" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheTKHodjB3Zal7JtJolAj7xpnLP-3TbvOEOk-b8-Ftit3DqNQ-W_VQWkxKgjxCPdVMl2GfIyjR44UHh8OsLt14pEJopjK_5lFkwC9NgWFGDq6dQ32qTKcqa7oyzlWFjm6K4XjItXsJakw/s1600-h/Grizzly-Bear.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 133px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheTKHodjB3Zal7JtJolAj7xpnLP-3TbvOEOk-b8-Ftit3DqNQ-W_VQWkxKgjxCPdVMl2GfIyjR44UHh8OsLt14pEJopjK_5lFkwC9NgWFGDq6dQ32qTKcqa7oyzlWFjm6K4XjItXsJakw/s200/Grizzly-Bear.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305485007632357586" /></a><br /><br />mu-ncae e-ya a-ta-kae, --I saw a bear.<br /><br />munche iya ata ke (H/I)<br /><br />munje iyan ada ke (today)<br /><br />munje (bear) + iyan (a/one) <br />+ ada (I see/saw) + ke (statement of fact)<br /><br />mu-ncae wa-ta-kae, ---I saw (several) bears.<br /><br />munche wata ke (H/I)<br /><br />munje wada ke (today) or<br />munje adanye ke<br /><br />munje (bear) + wada (see more than one) <br />+ ke<br /><br />I have heard more people use the regular<br />form of adding -nye to the verb; apparently<br />ada was once an irregular verb with a special <br />verbal form, wada...interesting.<br /><br />The black bear (<I>Ursus americana</I>) (top photo) <br />was the main species of bear in Iowa's woodlands.<br />The plains grizzly bear (<I>Ursus arctos horribilis</I>) (bottom)<br />extended as far as Iowa before the contact <br />period. Their claws have been found in<br />Oneota archaeological sites. Some believe<br />the claws were indications of trade, but folklore and<br />tradition indicates the Ioway were familiar<br />with the grizzly bear, and distinguished the<br />grizzly from the black bear. <br /><br />The Ioway term for grizzly bear is mahto<br />(compare Winnebago: macho (yep!), Omaha<br />monchu, and Dakota mato). The Ioway term<br />for black bear is munje (compare Winnebago<br />hunj(a) and Omaha wasabe "something black").<br /><br /><br /><B>ICHINCHINGE</B><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZsjB7pCv7zeDl014miH2YQ88VV98DaOmKJ_LqiDwvecYglqRi1sQyl4pTi0FIYvIYIIp1m0il3z8IsffvHDFO5cEuPihT7Yhz-3TZOY7lWGz6763UxqgJEMvNkFXNi5sdHzaowAqjKk/s1600-h/sleeping_child_grave.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 134px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqZsjB7pCv7zeDl014miH2YQ88VV98DaOmKJ_LqiDwvecYglqRi1sQyl4pTi0FIYvIYIIp1m0il3z8IsffvHDFO5cEuPihT7Yhz-3TZOY7lWGz6763UxqgJEMvNkFXNi5sdHzaowAqjKk/s200/sleeping_child_grave.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5305486506754383826" /></a><br /><br />e-ce-nce-gae he-gke-cae-<br />kae, ----------------my child is dead.<br /><br />ichinchinge hingke che ke (H/I)<br /><br />ichichinge (child) + hingke (my) +<br />che (dead) + ke (statement of fact)<br /><br />-compare-><br /><br />ichichinge mintawe ch'e ke (today)<br /><br />ichichinge (child) + mintawe (my) +<br />ch'e (dead) + ke (statement of fact)<br /><br />Here we see a shift from a specialized<br />term of possession through kinship<br />"hingke" which was lost over time and its <br />replacement by the generalized term<br />for possession "mintawe".<br /><br />e-ce-nce-gae he-gke-cae-<br />nyae-kae, -----------my children are dead.<br /><br />ichichinge hingke chenye ke (H/I)<br /><br />ichichinge mintawe ch'enye ke (today)<br /><br />The word "dead" is ch'e, and as they said <br />earlier, H/I used an abbreviated system that<br />did not mark all the sounds less familiar<br />to English-speaker's ears, such as the<br />glottal stop. Yet there is a profound difference<br />between che "buffalo" and ch'e "dead."<br /><br />You can try to remember:<br /><br />che ch'e ke. --"It is a dead buffalo."<br /><br />But this last example is very sad and odd...<br />that the missionaries would use the example<br />of "Ichinchinye hingke ch'enye ke."<br />"My children are dead." But considering<br />the times, the wars, and the disease epidemics,<br />it must have been heard too often.Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-57869690146497651352009-02-12T19:45:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:42:28.864-08:00GRAMMAR p 17===begin p 17===<br /><br />wa-je-kae-me, ----a female person.<br />Pa-hu-cae, -------an Ioway man. [w/ handwritten note: "dusty nose"]<br />Pa-hu-cae-me, ----an Ioway woman.<br />cae, -------------a buffalo.<br />cae to-kae,--------a buffalo bull.<br />cae-me, ----------a buffalo cow.<br /><br />NOTE. In words of this class, where the feminine<br />termination "me", is not added, the noun is under-<br />stood to be of the masculine gender; or that no-<br />thing respecting the gender is implied; as,<br /><br />ta, ------------- a deer.<br />ju-gko-kae-nye, ---a dog.<br /><br />IV.<br />OF CASE.<br /><br />7 - The nominative and objective cases<br />are indicated, in most instances by<br />their position in the sentence (Rules 6<br />& 7.)<br /><br />8 - The possessive case is known,<br />---1 - By a change in the verb;<br />---2 - By the introduction of a par-<br />------ticle denoting possession; (Rule<br />------4th) or,<br /><br />===end p 17===<br /><br /><H3>Lance's Notes for p. 17</H3><br /><br />Note that the discussion on this page began<br />on the previous page (p. 16), so we continue:<br /><br />wa-je-kae-me, ----a female person.<br />washikemi (H/I)=<br />wanshigemi (today...)<br />BUT this word is not<br />used today; instead, hinage "woman" is used.<br />Kind of interesting that wange survived for man<br />(today's Ioway uses wanye as well) and wanshige<br />for human being/man....But only hinage remains<br />for woman and female human being.<br /><br />Pa-hu-cae, -------an Ioway man.<br /> [w/ handwritten note: "dusty nose"]<br />Pahuche (H/I)=<br />Baxoje (today)<br />We discussed this one before; but it was interesting <br />that "m dusty nose" was added in tight, old-fashioned<br />handwriting in the <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Jx8TAAAAYAAJ&dq=ioway+grammar&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=VFG9xF-MIj&sig=V-K__CyjkU5z5R9Jr_Dc9VxotGE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA17,M1"> Google copy</a><br /><br />Pa-hu-cae-me, ----an Ioway woman.<br />Pahuchemi (H/I)<br />Baxojemi (today)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigqK3g0wUf0BtfD0AgDRZjNCMb-_oFBpFpZJXY11JaYeTH8XS5IHl-RnT4SmjIPkjx5JWNDHO6raZgQyHkFS8w04WKLKN7uUfiPCcqJqnggTA6-SWjfHePMTn3qjDUH7287bKFkxZWW-4/s1600-h/chedoge.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 133px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigqK3g0wUf0BtfD0AgDRZjNCMb-_oFBpFpZJXY11JaYeTH8XS5IHl-RnT4SmjIPkjx5JWNDHO6raZgQyHkFS8w04WKLKN7uUfiPCcqJqnggTA6-SWjfHePMTn3qjDUH7287bKFkxZWW-4/s200/chedoge.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302149207988968946" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFTpGPF6N0nB1CvE7vYQbTocD6tKnTl4-gBbQik_SUqLOanbISX5su1MspIT5L9q9U-MW_2ZrPaQzQQ95I98Mr2jy9m5Q9Cj0X1YLO3_3joeIhZVl0ar0Vk0IWVtsLqKAmOqIMQs956E/s1600-h/cheminge.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 143px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkFTpGPF6N0nB1CvE7vYQbTocD6tKnTl4-gBbQik_SUqLOanbISX5su1MspIT5L9q9U-MW_2ZrPaQzQQ95I98Mr2jy9m5Q9Cj0X1YLO3_3joeIhZVl0ar0Vk0IWVtsLqKAmOqIMQs956E/s200/cheminge.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302149202809027602" /></a><br /><br />cae, -------------a buffalo.<br />che (H/I)<br />che (today)<br /><br />cae to-kae,--------a buffalo bull.<br />chetoke (H/I)<br />chedoge (today)<br /><br />cae-me, ----------a buffalo cow.<br />chemi (H/I)<br />cheminge (today's usage uses the full<br />suffix -minge as indicated on the earlier page<br />for female animals)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdKo09pOJj1EKb5y6LxYL8-Hm1jYQCdHZRQp9PiG3gFUJgVkqCdUABCbHCyhVEsiHX5NhvO1ax4VOBmxo5GdmxTE55eBR7zlb29VuNvs7MXJtGw-f6oZeEyI41mEkrMF1o9ixJ8nK-LaQ/s1600-h/white_tailed_deer.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 137px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdKo09pOJj1EKb5y6LxYL8-Hm1jYQCdHZRQp9PiG3gFUJgVkqCdUABCbHCyhVEsiHX5NhvO1ax4VOBmxo5GdmxTE55eBR7zlb29VuNvs7MXJtGw-f6oZeEyI41mEkrMF1o9ixJ8nK-LaQ/s200/white_tailed_deer.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302149697147940082" /></a><br /><br />ta, ------------- a deer.<br />ta (H/I)<br />ta (today)<br /><br />ju-gko-kae-nye, ---a dog.<br />shugkokenyi (H/I)<br />shungk'ukenyi (today)<br />shungka (dog) + ukenyi (normal/usual/everyday kind)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnncL2IvbCCFteby7Fp9k2OoWVjr9EpTfCDqFGEFpdkAcIIcLwUkp-icZ0NR3EEwjUZTnw5knQGDmvHmE0L3Z4i6qZ3EfNs8TcpmdczFRp_Ks-MF7mgIKmncpRXTwapEICgcEXiGcqAGg/s1600-h/11-21-2006.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 145px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnncL2IvbCCFteby7Fp9k2OoWVjr9EpTfCDqFGEFpdkAcIIcLwUkp-icZ0NR3EEwjUZTnw5knQGDmvHmE0L3Z4i6qZ3EfNs8TcpmdczFRp_Ks-MF7mgIKmncpRXTwapEICgcEXiGcqAGg/s200/11-21-2006.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5302150047519970274" /></a><br /><br />Shungk'unkenyi on the left... Udwayinge on the right :-)<br /><br />===end p 17 ===Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-77141563636413848402009-02-11T16:02:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:39:14.706-08:00GRAMMAR p 16===begin p 16===<br /><br />III.<br />OF GENDER.<br /><br />4. There are three ways of distin-<br />guishing the genders of nouns,<br />First; By the use of different words,<br />as,<br /><br />wa-gae,------------a man.<br />he-na-a-gae--------a woman.<br />e-nro,-------------a stone.<br />e-cen-to-eg-ae, ----a young man.<br />e-ce-hme-eg-ae,----a girl, or maiden.<br /><br />5. Sec'd; By the addition of to-kae, sig-<br />nifying a male, and meg-ae, a female.<br />as;<br /><br />ju--gae,-----------a horse.<br />ju-gk'-to-kae, ------a stallion<br />ju-gk'-meg-ae,------a mare.<br /><br />NOTE. It will be seen that these are contractions<br />for ju-gae to-kae a stallion, and ju-gae me-gae a<br />mare: and so in other examples. (P. 14. 2.)<br /><br />6. Third; By adding to words of the<br />masculine gender the feminine termi-<br />nation <I>me</I>, as,<br /><br />wa-je-kae, --------a person, a man.<br /><br />=== end p. 16 ===<br /><br /><H3>Lance's Notes for p. 16</H3><br /><br />Gender is distinguished by three ways.<br /><br />1. Different words for different genders:<br /><br />wa-gae, ---a man,<br />wage (H/I)<br />wange (today)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhikA6RBTrqDJ22a1R5sS_j7oM7-rCRHkT7Ogdyg-iNsgDvE_hTOr5SAjNddnC_7mM__8o4-W6B2YyHB8buvE8C1XAJpFfomgVUur45hcNdl5VGmXfKg3RJ7cN4WY1pkKCCGjuJbTDijGs/s1600-h/mahee1.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 135px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhikA6RBTrqDJ22a1R5sS_j7oM7-rCRHkT7Ogdyg-iNsgDvE_hTOr5SAjNddnC_7mM__8o4-W6B2YyHB8buvE8C1XAJpFfomgVUur45hcNdl5VGmXfKg3RJ7cN4WY1pkKCCGjuJbTDijGs/s200/mahee1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301769619735466354" /></a><br /><I><a href="http://ioway.nativeweb.org/genealogy/mahee.htm">Mahi (Knife)</a>, an Ioway man</I><br /><br />This shows the difficulty of both Ham-<br />ilton and Irvin's system, and that of<br />today.<br /><br />And now, I will self-indulge a pet peeve <br />in learning Ioway...a short rant on how <br />to write Ioway-Otoe:<br /><B>PROBLEMS IN IOWAY-OTOE<br />ORTHOGRAPHY</B><br />(orthography = how sounds are represented <br />by a writing system)<br /><br />In wage/wange, the "a" should be nasalized, <br />and H/I did not show that in their orthography.<br />Their orthography would result in saying <br />WAH-gay (wage). Someone unaccustomed <br />to the system might even say "wage" as in <br />"hourly wage"!<br /><br />Today's orthography denotes the nasal-<br />ization of a noun by putting an<br />"n" after the "a," as in "man" which would <br />be said "MAH" with a nasal tone to the "a". <br />Again, a modern person might be tempted <br />to say "man" as in "a male."<br /><br />It gets even worse if there is an NG <br />(as in song) sound right after the nasalized <br />"man" as in mange "chest"--<br />is it MAHNG-ay<br />or MAHNG-gay?<br /><br />Here, is wage/wange/wannge:<br />WAH-gay = wage (today)<br />WANG-ay = wange (today)<br />WAHNG-gay? = wangge (today)<br /><br />You see the problem. Without a specific <br />way to show the "a" is nasalized, and <br />a special character for the NG sound <br />(1 character), things are not as efficient<br />as they could be.<br /><br />If one uses "an" to show the "a" is nasalized-<br />If one uses "ng" for<br />the NG sound in "song"-<br />and the "g" for the<br />sound in "goat"-<br />Then you would have<br />"wanngge" for WANG-gay.<br />Using linguistic notations<br />would only require 5 letters for the same word. <br /><br />Oh well, we could wish for the moon<br />too, because people resist using <br />"odd-looking letters"...plus one cannot<br />show the special linguistic orthography <br />on the average Internet system anyways!<br /><br />Ok, now back to Hamilton and Irvin...<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLUZrP8IDxDxMmppE3CsgPNbcP8Q7eZDXFwF9Bl5sbIRoAqQAQVNoal4swViB9LQBLXZtmqCFeURdJ6EhwlM3UVliJ5E2_EwtMubgwnvV12xl8Ka2-Z7fWrmEhEP8SFlWl1n9GQKS9BwY/s1600-h/kunzan1.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 154px; height: 200px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLUZrP8IDxDxMmppE3CsgPNbcP8Q7eZDXFwF9Bl5sbIRoAqQAQVNoal4swViB9LQBLXZtmqCFeURdJ6EhwlM3UVliJ5E2_EwtMubgwnvV12xl8Ka2-Z7fWrmEhEP8SFlWl1n9GQKS9BwY/s200/kunzan1.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301769934538916514" /></a><br /><I><a href="http://ioway.nativeweb.org/genealogy/kunzan1.htm">Kunzayami (Circling Above)</a>, an Ioway woman</I><br /><br />he-na-a-gae--------a woman.<br />hina'age (H/I)<br />hinage (today) - It's interesting that<br />Hamilton and Irvin have an extra "a" in<br />there, which seems to indicate a glottal<br />stop was once a part of the word, but<br />had disappeared between 1848 (when<br />H/I published their work) and the 1930s<br />when Gordon Marsh did his fieldwork.<br /><br />(Oh yeah... I forgot to tell you. Although<br />William Whitman gets the credit for the<br />Ioway-Otoe linguistics published in 1947,<br />the fieldwork was actually done by Gordon<br />Marsh in the 1930s...I have compared<br />Marsh's notes with the Whitman article,<br />and they are verbatim...OUCH...but that's<br />another story...)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRmklKG-pj9KxoEOLUFQqLUkLyQxv-B32cuZfm6MImTdKfacC7ogKwEB3JIzFZ-eCyG26izSOgJChHInfHM4aQdvVbFzrB24LKyLfrzeRF2Z0wz29JBJV_h5Pcw0aehbXfFNdRXm5yr9E/s1600-h/pilotrock.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 182px; height: 130px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRmklKG-pj9KxoEOLUFQqLUkLyQxv-B32cuZfm6MImTdKfacC7ogKwEB3JIzFZ-eCyG26izSOgJChHInfHM4aQdvVbFzrB24LKyLfrzeRF2Z0wz29JBJV_h5Pcw0aehbXfFNdRXm5yr9E/s200/pilotrock.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301771434936649714" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHWkbrE9aoazi23rtkjH7f1AjtmTikT5F_7Ot5QAnrYJNHn8sAuOvyqRGze5pmXsV8smiYfGcxmIqh4LXYV0nz1sp3_wQI-HPCFaa7KYdN-ynvdlA2EhMVb-zAoQzb-QQXFbZ5XT6W-Y/s1600-h/pilotrock-sign.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoHWkbrE9aoazi23rtkjH7f1AjtmTikT5F_7Ot5QAnrYJNHn8sAuOvyqRGze5pmXsV8smiYfGcxmIqh4LXYV0nz1sp3_wQI-HPCFaa7KYdN-ynvdlA2EhMVb-zAoQzb-QQXFbZ5XT6W-Y/s200/pilotrock-sign.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301771433017783890" /></a><br /><I>This is <a href="http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM1GXJ">Pilot Rock</a>, an important landmark <br />in northwest Iowa, near Cherokee and<br />overlooking the Little Sioux River, used by <br />the Ioway, Otoe, and other tribes in <br />pathfinding across the prairie.</I><br /><br />e-nro,-------------a stone.<br />inro (H/I)<br />inro (today) (the "i" is nasalized, so<br />EEN-ro...remember the "r" is not like<br />the English "r" but more like the flapped<br />Spanish "r", not the trilled "r")<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhafiVh8ZnXRyEOr0RYkbeWqi1zohUD9-X7AwdkF84ORCnco4vHbSrxb06s0oWlvvnH8GgLpo-wix-aSlS5GM8TTDZ1Kj40hDciJ-yb0WpwVU1jK7yt7k6E9IakkODobY-GxlKl9uc8VT0/s1600-h/foster-fourkids.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 152px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhafiVh8ZnXRyEOr0RYkbeWqi1zohUD9-X7AwdkF84ORCnco4vHbSrxb06s0oWlvvnH8GgLpo-wix-aSlS5GM8TTDZ1Kj40hDciJ-yb0WpwVU1jK7yt7k6E9IakkODobY-GxlKl9uc8VT0/s200/foster-fourkids.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301768677674912706" /></a><br /><I>An illustration of four kids at a powwow for a children's book, by Lance Foster</I><br /><br />e-cen-to-eg-ae, ----a young man.<br />ichintoige (H/I)<br />(ee-cheen-to-ee-gay)<br />ichindoinge (today) = a boy, up until puberty<br />(ee-CHEEn-doh-eeng-ay)<br /><br />e-ce-hme-eg-ae,----a girl, or maiden.<br />ichihmi'ige (H/I)<br />(ee-CHEE-hmee-eeg-ay)<br />ichiminge (today) = a girl, up until puberty<br />(ee-CHEE-hmeeng-ay)<br /><br />Do you see some of the subtle differences<br />that seem to represent changes in <br />pronunciation over the last hundred and fifty<br />years?<br /><br />One more sound to highlight here that<br />Hamilton and Irvin did not mark as a separate<br />sound, but that they did mark in this word,<br />and which continues as a separate sound in today's<br />Ioway-Otoe. That is the sound HM in<br />ichiHMinge "girl." It is not a sound I have<br />heard in any of the other languages I have studied.<br /><br />In Ioway "r" is like Spanish "r" in "pero" (but), and<br />in Ioway "x" is like the "ch" sound in German "achtung!"<br />(attention!)..but there are sounds in Ioway-Otoe that<br />are unique in my experience. One of them is the<br />HM sound... it is made by saying the "mmm" sound<br />while expelling air through the nostrils. For real.<br />You can hear it in "sahma" (SAH-hma) = seven.<br />There is also a version for N, as in HN. You can hear<br />it in HNye.. future tense:<br />hamanyi = "I walk"<br />hamanyi hnye = "I will walk"<br /><br />2. Gender is also indicated in at least some<br />animals by adding:<br /><br />to-kae, added to indicate a male<br />toke (H/I)<br />doge (today)<br /><br />meg-ae, added to indicate a female.<br />mige (H/I)<br />minge (today) (MEENG-ay)<br /><br />SO...<br /><br />ju--gae,-----------a horse.<br />shuge (H/I)<br />shunge --<br />But today's forms are interestingly:<br />Otoe= sunge (SOONG-geh)<br />Ioway= shunye (SHOON-yeh)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSGi530YcWY9ZC6sa_7MlyxWhwvYnKUsTtHQSaxgu-0YYwjue1N8ak678SOwDIqaTDUcxXBO_5RJu0onVDKWwDd4VPJt0fJ2LGCTfDHpCGcmlpUGgvb9NweeVh27FOQHxHUH1sECD3UM/s1600-h/Pair-of-rockies.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 188px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjSGi530YcWY9ZC6sa_7MlyxWhwvYnKUsTtHQSaxgu-0YYwjue1N8ak678SOwDIqaTDUcxXBO_5RJu0onVDKWwDd4VPJt0fJ2LGCTfDHpCGcmlpUGgvb9NweeVh27FOQHxHUH1sECD3UM/s200/Pair-of-rockies.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301722943810795586" /></a><br /><br />ju-gk'-to-kae, ------a stallion<br />shugk'toke (H/I)<br />shungdoge (today) (SHUNG-doh-geh)<br />(From ju-gae to-kae = shunge+doge)<br /><br />ju-gk'-meg-ae,------a mare.<br />shugk'mige (H/I)<br />shungminge (today) (SHUNG-meeng-eh)<br />(From ju-gae me-gae = shunge+minge)<br /><br />3. Add to the end of words indicating<br />a human male, the suffix -me (-mi)<br /><br />wa-je-kae, --------a person, a man.<br />washike (H/I)<br />wanshige (today)<br />Note that there are two words for "man"<br />so far: wange and wanshige<br /><br />This example continues on the next page (p. 17)<br />where H/I give the example of wanshigemi,<br />"female human being," a word not in use today.<br />We will look at this in the notes for tomorrow.Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-19544607471937347322009-02-10T18:30:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:39:59.301-08:00GRAMMAR p 15===begin p 15===<br /><br />GRAMMAR<br /><br />I. PARTS OF SPEECH<br /><br />1. THE NOUN, ADJECTIVE, ARTICLE,<br />ADVERB, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION,<br />INTERJECTION, PRONOUN, VERB, AND<br />PARTICIPPLE [SIC], OR PARTICIPIAL-VERB.<br /><br />2. Of these, the verb is the most im-<br />portant, and a knowledge of its va-<br />rious forms and inflections is indispen-<br />sable to a correct understanding of the<br />language. The other parts of speech<br />are simple in their construction, and<br />for the most part unvaried.<br /><br />II. OF NOUNS.<br /><br />3. No change is made in the termina-<br />tion of nouns to indicate their case<br />or number: unless we except the oc-<br />casional change of the final vowel of<br />some nouns, when addressed, making<br />a vocative case.<br /><br />=== end p 15 ===Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-3253263665580620692009-02-09T07:25:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:41:53.902-08:00ALPHABET p 14===begin p 14===<br /><br />2 -In speaking, the Ioways frequently drop the <br />final vowel of a word, when the word next follow-<br />ing begins with a vowel. Hence, two words in<br />such connection, are frequently pronounced as is<br />they were but one.<br /><br />3 -Compound words are frequently formed on<br />the same principle; as<br /><br />no-me-yae (a floor) for na o-me-yae<br /><br />no-ra-fe-na-ha (fruit, or what a tree bears)<br />for na o-ra-fe-na-ha<br /><br />4 -In the formation of compounds, -the conju-<br />gation of verbs, -after the first person of the<br />fragment-pronoun &c. a letter, for the sake of <br />euphony, is frequently introduced into the word<br />according to the following rule, viz.<br /><br />g, before k,<br />m, before p,<br />n, before c, d, f, r, & t; -as,<br /><br />heg-ke-ro-kae, --- I am glad.<br />hem-pre-hae-kae, ---I am strong.<br />hen-cae-ta-nyae-kae, --we will die.<br />an-de-ho-kae-kae, ---he scolds me.<br />un-ru-hae-kae, -----she was married to me.<br />men-ta-wae, -------mine<br />hen-fa-pae-ta-kae ---I am wise.<br />mem-prae-kae, --strouding, thin bro'd cloth.<br />woj-kam pe, ------a good disposition.<br />men fae-wae, -----black cloth.<br /><br />===end p 14===<br /><br /><H3>Lance's Notes for Page 14</H3><br /><br />Note 2: When a word ends in a vowel, <br />and the next word in the sentence begins<br />with a vowel, when you speak, the last<br />vowel of the first word is dropped, which<br />sometimes makes the two words sound <br />like one.<br /><br />In English we don't do that as much. Test<br />yourself by saying "three apples" at a regular<br />speed. Most people in English put a little<br />glottal stop in between the two words to<br />separate them. You can hear the glottal<br />stop even more if you say "a apple." That<br />stop in your throat is called a glottal stop.<br />If we wrote English the way they wrote Ioway<br />we would write "thri'apals" or "a'apal"<br />(or something like that); the ' represents<br />a glottal stop.<br /><br />But even in English, if we are talking fast,<br />we do something similar to Ioway, only <br />instead of dropping one of the vowels,<br />we often combine them into a sound called<br />a diphthong which is a blend of the two<br />vowels into a NEW sound. So talking fast,<br />instead of saying "thri'apals," it would<br />sound more like "thriyapals"- the<br />i and a sounds would combine with a new<br />sound y, not heard in either of the original<br />words (thri= three; apals = apples). See,<br />linguistics is kind of interesting that way.<br /><br />Note 3: In Ioway, you make SOME compound<br />words the same way. Hamilton and Irvin<br />give the examples:<br /><br />no-me-yae (a floor) for na o-me-yae<br /><br />=nomiye (a floor) comes from <br />na (wood; tree) + omiye (not sure how to<br />analyze this one yet, but I see the morpheme<br />(morpheme= a fragment that has meaning)<br />o- which indicates a location. <br /><br />So this is a good chance to practice guessing <br />from context what an unknown word might <br />mean, in this case omiye. If na = "wood", <br />o- refers to the location, and<br />nomiye = "floor", then likely omiye<br />refers to "where someone lays/puts on/in" the<br />"wood" in order to make "a floor." So<br />"omiye" MIGHT mean "to lay in" a substance,<br />such as wood to make a floor, but also perhaps<br />lead in a pipe, as in the lead inlay we often<br />see in pipestone, or in the old Otoe-Ioway<br />horsehead dance mirrors. <br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaTQG7Eh12qyt43el4zKeAsfzTx1OKp1to-FEMMXbUOSO0fflX2EPU1AnUB-SaCvseXDyjfqbNgBUMI7gs8f7r_bqGJQ8dnkABip9iQ49nVHbunGkrmlB4_Gfgm7e6f1q7ZKzGv5PCM9g/s1600-h/laying-wooden-flooring.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 133px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaTQG7Eh12qyt43el4zKeAsfzTx1OKp1to-FEMMXbUOSO0fflX2EPU1AnUB-SaCvseXDyjfqbNgBUMI7gs8f7r_bqGJQ8dnkABip9iQ49nVHbunGkrmlB4_Gfgm7e6f1q7ZKzGv5PCM9g/s200/laying-wooden-flooring.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300900864418094610" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8hq79YKiDq8U_cByBfDcEfY0ThzQeH4ZyBzI4e4PIPt0pQQT30Jr-Y1k3Pa8DUY7yJTKrRnLv7azEeMSNXfNSt5WcAPCtvYWI3mIVsICkykuO7E1le-IUXBgizHgxlLG_0_f_jOjmrLg/s1600-h/43_1.JPG"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8hq79YKiDq8U_cByBfDcEfY0ThzQeH4ZyBzI4e4PIPt0pQQT30Jr-Y1k3Pa8DUY7yJTKrRnLv7azEeMSNXfNSt5WcAPCtvYWI3mIVsICkykuO7E1le-IUXBgizHgxlLG_0_f_jOjmrLg/s200/43_1.JPG" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300900610177486338" /></a><br /><br />PERHAPS "omiye" means "inlay" (lead, wood, etc.)<br />but this is by no means certain, but is only a guess<br />from context. Learning language often requires<br />such guesses from context. We cannot know<br />for sure until/unless we find more examples of<br />the word "omiye" in sentences in the future that<br />seems to indicate "inlay"...or unless someone<br />like Dorsey, Marsh, Whitman,<br />Wistrand-Robinson, or Good Tracks already <br />collected the word many years ago, and we just<br />don't have that information yet :-)<br /><br />no-ra-fe-na-ha (fruit, or what a tree bears)<br />for na o-ra-fe-na-ha<br /><br />So let's try the same thing with this word:<br />norathinaha = "fruit; what a tree bears"<br />na "a tree" + orathinaha "fruit; what is borne"<br /><br />A little tougher, this one. Orathinaha.<br />We see o- again,<br />meaning "something located somewhere."<br />that leaves rathinaha. What might be recognized<br />from this part? ra- often means "you" or "by<br />means of using the mouth." thi means "foot."<br />If it was meant to be dhi, it would mean "yellow."<br />And that leaves naha, which means "bark", from<br />na "tree" and ha "skin, covering."<br /><br />So that makes a word norathinaha<br />which might mean<br />tree+location+you/by-mouth+foot/yellow+bark.<br />This doesn't make much sense, though some<br />parts "feel" appropriate. ra- because you<br />eat fruit. na-o because fruit grows on trees.<br />thi "foot" doesn't seem to apply, but perhaps<br />"dhi" because some fruit is yellow in some<br />stages, plus H&I didn't write the th sound<br />always separately from the dh sound. Most<br />tree-fruits in Ioway-Otoe lands were very<br />dark, even blackish, when ripe, such as <br />chokecherry (top), wild plum (middle), or<br />prairie crabapple (bottom).<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbeoa2ZY7nVAZBCNOZ7trCiTLAZlguF3q4wgU5GdTAnFo8yd5-2l24KhJdnkA9kQexnElCYQx4Vu_IZAmoaknyrgBBAAvuI2b6tRvQFl3nT2jk835G7XYWbWSiM4ayq3nYfRxmHiAxF-E/s1600-h/chokecherry.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 148px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbeoa2ZY7nVAZBCNOZ7trCiTLAZlguF3q4wgU5GdTAnFo8yd5-2l24KhJdnkA9kQexnElCYQx4Vu_IZAmoaknyrgBBAAvuI2b6tRvQFl3nT2jk835G7XYWbWSiM4ayq3nYfRxmHiAxF-E/s200/chokecherry.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300898825525555522" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgYZ-inG0f4kpU-dbMmJcbSIYG0iR3C0J7AhuYJ2OynocwUNsF3d-U8B1qhhOf9257ZH0GBTkURXlZlOkCHdrMN3H8OZNAkalUW3y2Lv5YbWtQhfP_n38HZga1S2tuzxMK_GQ1Ei5zXf4/s1600-h/76_wild_plum.gif"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 140px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgYZ-inG0f4kpU-dbMmJcbSIYG0iR3C0J7AhuYJ2OynocwUNsF3d-U8B1qhhOf9257ZH0GBTkURXlZlOkCHdrMN3H8OZNAkalUW3y2Lv5YbWtQhfP_n38HZga1S2tuzxMK_GQ1Ei5zXf4/s200/76_wild_plum.gif" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300898826677751170" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgMfuaXvxIl02JzHmzEWXe1YHhP_-Pz-pEoMGEBxXhXwSyyOz0FOB6zmFdZ6CgHC66TxoyBXgLb6ug7Wzu3Royn890uuXZ7NhvVOTJGruelR6F1TAEnqQNHgf86h46XM-_wAlCBzRhNA/s1600-h/1498582079_f169724ae5.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 200px; height: 150px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNgMfuaXvxIl02JzHmzEWXe1YHhP_-Pz-pEoMGEBxXhXwSyyOz0FOB6zmFdZ6CgHC66TxoyBXgLb6ug7Wzu3Royn890uuXZ7NhvVOTJGruelR6F1TAEnqQNHgf86h46XM-_wAlCBzRhNA/s200/1498582079_f169724ae5.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300898826761597906" /></a><br /><br /><br />So it isn't always as simple as simply breaking<br />down a word into its smallest components.<br />Sometimes you just have to learn a word as <br />a whole, and take it for what it is.<br />In this case, norathinaha means "a fruit which<br />comes from a tree" such as a crabapple, cherry,<br />plum, chokecherry. But not a berry, hadhe, which<br />grows on a bush or vine, not a tree. Berries would <br />include gooseberries, strawberries, <br />grapes, and raspberries.<br /><br />Note 4: Sometimes when a compound word is<br />made, an extra sound is found which has no<br />real meaning (it is not a morpheme) but is<br />just to make the sound "more harmonious<br />to the ear" (euphony), so it is phonological<br />(about sound-making).<br /><br />Hamilton and Irvin give the following examples:<br /><br />heg-ke-ro-kae, --- I am glad.<br />higkiroke (H/I) = <br />hin giro ke (today) =<br />hin "I" + giro "happy" + ke (stating fact)<br /><br />hem-pre-hae-kae, ---I am strong.<br />himpriheke (H/I) = <br />hin brixe ke (today)=<br />hin "I" + brixe "strong" + ke (stating fact)<br /><br />hen-cae-ta-nyae-kae, --we will die.<br />hinchetanyeke (H/I) =<br />hin ch'e ta hnye ke (today) (notice the<br />-nye suffix is plural "I" thus "we"<br />but also that hnye is the future tense).<br />ch'e is "to die" while che is buffalo,<br />though H&I don't make the distinction<br />in their writing.<br /><br />an-de-ho-kae-kae, ---he scolds me.<br />andihokeke (H/I) =<br />arixoge ke (today)=<br />"to scold, rebuke" + statement<br />=an unaltered verb (without ra, hin, etc.)<br />indicates third person he, she, it.<br />In this case, this could also mean<br />"he scolds it," "she scolds him" etc.<br />Or here, "he scolds" with the object<br />"me" not said, but understood.<br /><br />un-ru-hae-kae, -----she was married to me.<br />unruheke (H/I) =<br />unruxe ke (today)=<br />unruxe "to marry" + statement...BUT..<br />unruxe "to marry" is only used when <br />speaking of a woman marrying a man,<br />not the other way around (don't ask<br />me why, that was just the way it was!)<br />In this case, just as with the example<br />above, "me" is not said but understood<br />anyways. In Ioway-Otoe, the past and<br />present tenses are not differentiated in the<br />basic verb.<br /><br />men-ta-wae, -------mine<br />mintawe (H/I) = mintawe (today)<br />"my, mine" ...no difference between<br />H&I's time and today<br /><br />hen-fa-pae-ta-kae ---I am wise.<br />hinthapetake (H/I) = <br />hin thabeda ke (today)<br />"I"+"wisdom/wise"+statement of fact<br /><br />mem-prae-kae, --strouding, thin bro'd cloth.<br />--by the way, bro'd means "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brocade">brocaded</a>"<br />mimpreke (H/I) = <br />mi breke (today)=<br />"cloth" + "thin"<br /><br />mi originally meant "a robe", typically a buffalo robe,<br />then when trade with Euroamericans began,<br />mi came to mean blanket, and finally, cloth.<br />Every man or woman in the old days had a<br />robe to wear as everyday clothing on top of<br />the breechcloth or dress, heavier robes in winter<br />and lighter ones in summer. It was also a part<br />of body language, "the language of the robe,"<br />which Fletcher and LaFlesche write about in<br />_The Omaha_.<br /><br />I have used blankets instead of a bathrobe<br />for many years when in my own house. In the<br />cold mornings I will grab an old wool blanket<br />and use it "the old style." I grew up doing this<br />and I would use one in public only they'd probably<br />think I was nuts or "playing Indian." It's a lot<br />better than a bathrobe though, as you can adjust<br />as necessary, the way the Romans used their<br />togas.<br /><br />Strouding is a coarse woolen cloth, often red or <br />dark blue, and lighter than a blanket-weight.<br />It was often used for breechcloths, leggings,<br />shawls, and dresses, as well as summer-weight<br />blankets. It was named after a town in<br />England, Stoud, that made such cloth for<br />the Indian trade. And of course there is<br />Stroud, Oklahoma.<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjMFNJrO3dzW9XEtWmZuVNtS3ymZt5K2adueNgkNfqcm57S9bPeC1EW2Ti7JwjptRgp3m6NCDwkGjmW2njgKOsIjRTMgsJyAUAyPYmYRmB9_IKiDozCquSWB3_z65oyh4GxK4evyp9Pzc/s1600-h/deroinmaggie2.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 261px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjMFNJrO3dzW9XEtWmZuVNtS3ymZt5K2adueNgkNfqcm57S9bPeC1EW2Ti7JwjptRgp3m6NCDwkGjmW2njgKOsIjRTMgsJyAUAyPYmYRmB9_IKiDozCquSWB3_z65oyh4GxK4evyp9Pzc/s400/deroinmaggie2.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300896456412811890" /></a><br /><br />You can look at and buy stroud cloth at <a href="http://www.crazycrow.com/Merchant2/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=3602-100&Category_Code=570-000-000">Crazy Crow</a><br />or <a href="http://www.iroqrafts.com/suppliesR/page12.htm">Iroqrafts</a>.<br />Some information on stroud and other types of trade cloth can be found at <br />at <a href="http://www.womenofthefurtrade.com/wst_page8.html">Women of the Fur Trade</a> and<br /><a href="http://www.learnnc.org/lp/multimedia/6895">Stroud Cloth</a>, and finally the <br /><a href="http://www.digitalstroud.co.uk/working.php?pageid=160&topid=4">History of Cloth from Stroud</a><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEganQ3j5STqAFj-cI6FfliXdnaqjqEQGJFoE3Xvps5XcS2q2Gn-HyCqvQW8w3p7QRQFaueAJ1M368hQ-gNoM683-B25v5OIbr7oO64pkyCjQW5DXQ__bYXsiKEfAXwP8QyiTKfYYxxH47A/s1600-h/3602-100_142x250.jpg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 142px; height: 250px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEganQ3j5STqAFj-cI6FfliXdnaqjqEQGJFoE3Xvps5XcS2q2Gn-HyCqvQW8w3p7QRQFaueAJ1M368hQ-gNoM683-B25v5OIbr7oO64pkyCjQW5DXQ__bYXsiKEfAXwP8QyiTKfYYxxH47A/s400/3602-100_142x250.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5300897554341365906" /></a><br /><br />woj-kam pe, ------a good disposition.<br />woshkam pi (H/I) =<br />woshgan pi (today)=<br />woshgan "ways, habits, abilities, talents, <br />skills" + pi "good"<br /><br />men fae-wae, -----black cloth.<br />min thewe (H/I) =<br />mi thewe (today)= the i in mi is nasalized<br />"cloth" + "black"Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-61854892874212429482009-02-07T12:23:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:43:22.562-08:00ALPHABET p 13<a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Jx8TAAAAYAAJ&dq=ioway+grammar&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=VFG9xF-MIj&sig=V-K__CyjkU5z5R9Jr_Dc9VxotGE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA13,M1">=== begin p 13 ===</a><br /><br />have sometimes a strong nasal sound.<br />This sound for the want of proper<br />type, cannot be indicated.<br /><br />3 In the names given to the conso-<br />nants, the sound of the vowel is al-<br />ways heard after the consonant; which<br />is not always the case in their En-<br />glish sound; the name, however, does<br />not alter the power of the character.<br /><br />The reason why this has been done,<br />is, all words, in Ioway, end with a<br />vowel sound; and, in most cases the<br />syllables. Hence the propriety of the <br />change.<br /><br />-------------<br /><br />OF READING.<br /><br />1 - In reading, or pronouncing words,<br />it may be necessary for the learner to<br />spell, as in English; in that case, the <br />consonant may be called by its own<br />appropriate name; but a little practice<br />will enable him to place the organs of<br />speech in such a position as if he were<br />about to pronounce the consonant, or<br />consonants that may precede the vowel,<br />and the pronunciation of the vowel will<br />give the correct sound.<br /><br />=== end p 13 ===Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-24261845056088404322009-02-06T18:44:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:43:53.088-08:00ALPHABET p 12===begin p 12===<br /><br />Of the consonants, q (que) has been<br />omitted, as its power is obtained by<br />using kw. In writing the language,<br />to some there may appear to be a need<br />of two more vowels, one to represent<br />the long sound of i, as in time, and<br />another to represent the sound of ou<br />as in loud.<br /><br />These, however, are both compound<br />sounds, as i is equivalent to ae pro-<br />nounced quickly, and ou (diphthtong)<br />to au. Instead therefore, of i, long, a <br />is written, followed by y; and for ou,<br />a is followed by w, as the beginning<br />of the sound of y, is e; and the begin-<br />ning of w, is u, or oo:<br /><br />Thus,<br />na-yae in stead [sic] of ni-ae<br />wa-yae-rae instead of wi-ae-rae<br />me-nta-wae in stead [sic] of me-ntou-ae<br />ra-wae in stead [sic] of rou-ae<br /><br />The vowels, in the conjugation of<br />verbs, and in a few other situations<br /><br />===end p 12===<br /><br /><H3>Lance's notes on p. 12</h3><br /><br />The first paragraph is a little puzzling, as <br />Ioway does not currently have a kw sound<br />of which I am aware. Perhaps Hamilton<br />and Irvin meant the xw sound, as in<br />xwanye "to fall away; to be lost."<br /><br />The second paragraph is just an explanation<br />of how they decided to write diphthongs; <br />their choice corresponds with today's<br />practice, but was at variance with some<br />contemporaries'.<br /><br />The examples they give are:<br /><br />"na-yae in stead [sic] of ni-ae"<br />= naye = likely here they meant "to stand,"<br />which we now render as nayi<br /><br />"wa-yae-rae instead of wi-ae-rae"<br />= wayere "who"<br /><br />"me-nta-wae in stead [sic] of me-ntou-ae"<br />= mintawe "my; mine"<br /><br />"ra-wae in stead [sic] of rou-ae"<br />= rawe "to gnaw; to count"Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-27816372986160156722009-02-05T21:15:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:44:59.996-08:00ALPHABET p 11===begin p 11===<br /><br />W, and Y, have the same power<br />that they have when used as conso-<br />nants in such words as we, wan, ye,<br />you &c. S is always followed by anoth-<br />er consonant in words purely Ioway.<br /><br />It might, however, be proper to re-<br />mark, that a sometimes appears to<br />have the short broad sound of a in<br />wad, what, etc. especially when preceded<br />by w, and occasionally by m, & n; but<br />in such situations it so nearly resem-<br />bles the sound of a in far, (the differ-<br />ence being about as great as it is in<br />the sound this same letter has in the<br />words what, fall,) that it is thought<br />inexpedient to employ a distinct char-<br />acter to represent this sound.<br /><br />In the first printing down at the sta[-]<br />tion, v was used to designate this<br />sound. For a similar reason, x, rep-<br />resenting the short sound of u as in<br />tub, has also been omitted.<br /><br />I, as heard in pin, has likewise been<br />left out; its place is supplied by e.<br /><br />===end of page 11===<br /><br /><H3>Lance's note</H3><br /><br />The document they are talking about as<br />"the first printing down at the station"<br />was the 1843 <a href="http://books.google.com/books?id=VCMTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Iowa+language%22"><br />An elementary book of <br />the Ioway language : with an English <br />translation</a>, or <br />"Wv-wv-kv-hæ e-ya e-tu u-na-ha <br />pa-hu-cæ e-cæ æ-ta-wæ,<br />mv-he-hvn-yæ e-cæ <br />ra-prae-tae-kae"<br /><br />This would be written in today's<br />orthography as:<br /><br />Wawagaxe iya itu unaha<br />(writing/book one -?- -?-)<br /><br />itun = first<br /><br />unaha might be today's unax'u "hear"<br /><br />so perhaps (book a first-one-hears =<br />book a elementary =an elementary book)<br /><br />Paxuche ich'e etawe,<br />(Ioway language theirs,)<br /><br />mahixanye ich'e<br />(American language)<br /><br />rabreteke.<br />(translate)<br /><br />This last term might be<br />ra-bredhe-ke ="by the mouth clarity statement"<br /><br />ra: here a prefix indicating instrumentality<br />by means of the mouth (Whitman)<br /><br />bredhe: clear; clarity<br /><br />ke: statement of fact<br /><br />So together it would mean more literally<br /><br />"A book by which one first hears the Ioways'<br />language, made clear by oral means of the <br />American language."<br /><br />You can see that it helps when learning the <br />Ioway language to play with the words,<br />move them around, which begins to<br />help one understand better how sentences<br />are constructed and the literal word-for-word<br />meaning underneath. <br /><br />Often language expressions can NOT be<br />literally translated, but for me at <br />least, it helps me to go through and use<br />literal word for word translation.<br />This has helped me understand such prefixes as<br />ra-, in this situation, so that one gets used<br />to that ra- in some cases means "you" and<br />in others ra- indicates that something happens<br />in relation to the mouth.<br /><br />An example is ranuwe, sometimes spelled<br />danuwe, which means a tobacco pipe. Sacred pipe<br />would be ranuwe waxonyita (pipe + sacred).<br /><br />Whitman analyzed ranuwe as:<br /><br />ra- (by means of the mouth)<br />nuwe (two)<br /><br />This might be indicating the two parts of<br />a pipe, the bowl and the stem, which<br />is unified through the mouth, in smoking<br />the pipe. OR it might refer to the mouth<br />unifying the person smoking and the<br />"other" with whom the pipe is being shared.<br />such as another person, a spirit, or<br />God, etc.<br /><br />This is all of course conjecture, but it is<br />fun nonetheless! :-)Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-27664962297599384212009-02-04T12:45:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:45:27.558-08:00ALPHABET p 10===p 10===<br /><br /> F. This letter represents the sound<br />produced by the combination of th in <br />the words theft, think, etc. the lips,<br />however, are thrown more open,<br />than they are in general, when we<br />pronounce words of the same class in<br />English.<br /><br /> G represents the sound of ng<br />in wrong, wing, or the nasal sound of<br />n in uncle. It is often thrown in be-<br />tween words for the sake of euphony,<br />or to distinguish the person of verbs.<br />H is aspirate, but expresses in gene-<br />ral a stronger breathing than it does<br />in the words has, hoe, his, etc.<br /><br /> K, M, N, P, R, S, and T, have the <br />same power that they have in English,<br />with the exception of p, which some-<br />times partakes slightly of the sound of<br />b; and r, the sound which, in some<br />words, so nearly resembles that given<br />to d, (with which letter it is often in-<br />terchanged,) that it is difficult, to de-<br />termine, which is intended; as,<br /><br />daeh-to-hrae-kae, or,<br />raeh-to-hrae-kae, -----a strawberry.<br /><br />====end p. 10 ====<br /><br /><H3>Lance Foster's notes about Page 10</H3><br /><br />F: Hamilton and Irvin use the letter F to<br />represent the sound written as TH (THink) <br />in today's Ioway-Otoe (THinye: squirrel). <br />They do not however seem to use/recognize <br />the sound DH (THat) in Ioway-Otoe (maDHe: iron).<br /><br />G: In modern Ioway-Otoe this is written NG <br />(maNGe=chest/breast). Hamilton and Irvin <br />do not distinguish the use of k in opposition to g;<br />however modern Iowa-Otoe does, and uses <br />both k and g. There is also a particular symbol <br />in modern linguistics that signifies this sound<br />that looks like an "n" with a tail descending <br />from the second leg of the n. It can get <br />confusing in modern Ioway-Otoe when <br />you write such words sinnge as the first n <br />just indicates the i is nasalized. There are <br />also words that have the NG sound just <br />before the G sound so one ends up with <br />mannge, which actually has a nasalized a<br />which makes manngge (manNG-gay) so <br />there are more graceful and efficient ways <br />if one uses the linguistics orthography, yet<br />the modern community would have to <br />learn that and there is resistance<br />to doing so among some.<br /><br />H: I look forward to seeing the words <br />using H, as Hamilton and Irvin do not <br />make provision for the glottal fricative <br />that is written as X in today's Ioway-Otoe. <br />There is a difference between H and X, <br />and perhaps Hamilton and Irvin conflate <br />the two. We shall see in the pages<br />to come.<br /><br />R: R actually is different than the English R; <br />Whitman heard it as an L sound, and it <br />has been written in modern Ioway-Otoe <br />that way at times, although at present <br />the R is favored. And as Hamilton and Irvin <br />indicate here with their example of "strawberry", <br />the R is realized in speech as a D,<br />especially at the beginning of words <br />(Whitman noted this). <br />So ranuwe/lanuwe (sacred pipe) actually <br />sounds to an English speaker more like<br />danuwe in regular conversation.<br /><br />P: P is also an in issue in speaking Ioway <br />for the native English-speaker. That is <br />why we often see Baxoje written as Paxoje, <br />Pahodse, etc. in historic documents. The <br />difference between P and B in English is <br />whether the sound is voiceless and aspirated<br />which gives the P, or voiced and unaspirated, <br />which gives the B in English. Some Ps<br />in English are more aspirated than others too. <br />Hold your hand in front of your lips<br />and say "People"...feel the puff of air? <br />That's aspiration. Now hold your hand up<br />by your lips and say "Stop"...you won't <br />notice much, if any, puff. That's an <br />unaspirated P. The Ioway P/B was unaspirated <br />historically apparently, which explains <br />why some writers used a B and some a P <br />to write Baxoje and Paxoje.<br /><br /><H3>Minimal Pairs and Paxoje vs Baxoje</H3><br /><br />One essential way a linguist gets at <br />figuring out what sound is meant is to <br />elicit "minimal pairs." A minimal pair is <br />a pair of words in which only one sound <br />(phoneme) is changed, but the meanings <br />are changed when the phoneme is changed.<br /><br />In English, examples of minimal pairs would be <br />"rid - lid" as well as "rid - red"<br /><br />In Ioway-Otoe, examples would be <br />"che (buffalo) - chi (house)" and <br />"pa (nose) - ba (snow)"<br /><br />This is why we really don't know for sure <br />whether the Ioways' name for themselves <br />was meant to be:<br /><br />Ba-xoje = Snow-gray -- or<br />Pa-xoje = Nose-gray <br />(In ancient usage, especially with animals, <br />pa also relates to the head as a whole; <br />as in goose, <br />mixe-paxanje- waterfowl-big nose/head; <br />xoje = means both ashes and the color of ashes)<br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRDPHPjgIYYz8vUN7JlTyqFTTklWYKz49udfnZkU4-b3Fh5mo6WQP8M_3c4oeqCTLQH2LoLL5Au5s0Fa3vAtbwkuuPAh5ABwSyWG5o0TxCGeYdl8PSl0t0StYADF0BdrTA27Fiu6ZPsA/s1600-h/images-6.jpeg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 105px; height: 129px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJRDPHPjgIYYz8vUN7JlTyqFTTklWYKz49udfnZkU4-b3Fh5mo6WQP8M_3c4oeqCTLQH2LoLL5Au5s0Fa3vAtbwkuuPAh5ABwSyWG5o0TxCGeYdl8PSl0t0StYADF0BdrTA27Fiu6ZPsA/s400/images-6.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299066177586346802" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9YvBLfPSHQiMb36Xh9RQWrrVpJ7vEdKyJviEzDNAYjeZUH8daYa2KGlx7XnmePLoYZmM9MMwNO3GTplCXnaAUC1QBW1WGk6Vtqw1snnVj1Ou0d2wEPHUaQ4Krx-Va6tnBladrkTSfvZ0/s1600-h/images-5.jpeg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 116px; height: 105px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9YvBLfPSHQiMb36Xh9RQWrrVpJ7vEdKyJviEzDNAYjeZUH8daYa2KGlx7XnmePLoYZmM9MMwNO3GTplCXnaAUC1QBW1WGk6Vtqw1snnVj1Ou0d2wEPHUaQ4Krx-Va6tnBladrkTSfvZ0/s400/images-5.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299066168385741490" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXhWLZARmAnjRR5o2E_FJvO0tYwfUNx8oKeaebjXUPf7P18l0o7Wl2mD40Ue_hlDeIamhIlDcQwqFW3jC3VhGsIT-AEVJH4lLbLdtBV0G6bR0PdcfX98_54vyIYFqoOvgsPfPMl-7etw/s1600-h/images-4.jpeg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 124px; height: 96px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilXhWLZARmAnjRR5o2E_FJvO0tYwfUNx8oKeaebjXUPf7P18l0o7Wl2mD40Ue_hlDeIamhIlDcQwqFW3jC3VhGsIT-AEVJH4lLbLdtBV0G6bR0PdcfX98_54vyIYFqoOvgsPfPMl-7etw/s400/images-4.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299065819137455666" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8prZcyYQqZnBMLi439otAEQ9q4-zD1NH1REqn4fgK6MUehH-MqL0Ehud071AcE3pfcnSOfNuVNW-lqBCTAgC126zpRHFOvKmCjpTrX-bwx-8gCDg6uWUTzLbF-1kpOZk4l8hzXWJ3qSM/s1600-h/images-3.jpeg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 130px; height: 100px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8prZcyYQqZnBMLi439otAEQ9q4-zD1NH1REqn4fgK6MUehH-MqL0Ehud071AcE3pfcnSOfNuVNW-lqBCTAgC126zpRHFOvKmCjpTrX-bwx-8gCDg6uWUTzLbF-1kpOZk4l8hzXWJ3qSM/s400/images-3.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299065819099790226" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguuMjOmrYBvsDkQi9I3YW7ymNBi2dVqpO1TaPAxPHfJE7ZE79VCTL4dB4yunXkZUvJLXfHwvExTgKO1klXHKjAsmdlwtmmmiQvufEVwexGRmXHyKxT8mOd_I9uRxy2Nxe-Qtz6sFgWXTg/s1600-h/images-2.jpeg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 81px; height: 118px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguuMjOmrYBvsDkQi9I3YW7ymNBi2dVqpO1TaPAxPHfJE7ZE79VCTL4dB4yunXkZUvJLXfHwvExTgKO1klXHKjAsmdlwtmmmiQvufEVwexGRmXHyKxT8mOd_I9uRxy2Nxe-Qtz6sFgWXTg/s400/images-2.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299065818158994178" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfnKroszhnyZ_3byLIyU3CPAOWBYPqNanQfN9PEK8qUxmGIfdXD45AhIH_r7Nf71GLDSxZEMitu6RqE1EHvP-Qp2CswiPm5P0BlazK8owoeh1sxa2hMZsjl3ti3n3dZ5St2AOjdW-dDUA/s1600-h/images-1.jpeg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 135px; height: 89px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfnKroszhnyZ_3byLIyU3CPAOWBYPqNanQfN9PEK8qUxmGIfdXD45AhIH_r7Nf71GLDSxZEMitu6RqE1EHvP-Qp2CswiPm5P0BlazK8owoeh1sxa2hMZsjl3ti3n3dZ5St2AOjdW-dDUA/s400/images-1.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299065814142468162" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1l8ykSTSmgCjYYJdU7gmx0WTuSq8IGwiigKoD52ZowqU06tETPmIWfX2Tbrb5p6DQmcpvxhaPOhzsWRe2Oh0cEEBG3wDXdu_N1ouGZ9FIrluUbIcm-sPRrvY4X5LWh-XID67lT1KrD0/s1600-h/images.jpeg"><img style="cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 124px; height: 93px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm1l8ykSTSmgCjYYJdU7gmx0WTuSq8IGwiigKoD52ZowqU06tETPmIWfX2Tbrb5p6DQmcpvxhaPOhzsWRe2Oh0cEEBG3wDXdu_N1ouGZ9FIrluUbIcm-sPRrvY4X5LWh-XID67lT1KrD0/s400/images.jpeg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5299065813494197682" /></a><br /><br /><H3>The Mystery of Strawberry</H3><br /><br />Finally here Hamilton and Irvin give us <br />the word for strawberry in 1848,<br />as raeh-to-hrae-kae<br />This would be written in today's spelling <br />as rehtohreke, or perhaps rexdoxreke.<br />Today we use the word hashje, which <br />comes from hadhe "berry" blended with <br />shuje "red"<br /><br />In trying to figure out which way to go, <br />one can compare it to some of the other<br />Siouan language terms for strawberry <br />(Kindscher, Edible Wild Plants of the Prairie, p. 116):<br /><br />Winnebago: haz-shchek (haz means fruit or berry)<br />Omaha-Ponca: bashte<br />Osage: ba-stse'-ga<br />Dakota: wazhushteca<br /><br />It looks like all of the other Siouan names <br />here use their own words for fruit/berry + red <br />and look very similar to what we now use <br />in Ioway-Otoe, hashje.<br /><br />It is a mystery to me then why Hamilton and <br />Irvin have this long word, rehdo-xrege, <br />or something along those lines, as<br />meaning "strawberry." It seems though, <br />that I may have seen this word before <br />in connection to another plant, perhaps <br />in one of Alanson Skinner's works. <br />But that will have to wait for another time.<br /><br />In collecting some of the photos of <br />wild strawberries here from Google,<br />I notice that the five-petaled star-shaped<br />flowers and red berries are seen in beadwork.<br />It would be very interesting to see what<br />other wild plants were used in Ioway-Otoe<br />beadwork. I know I have seen wild grapes<br />used on Ioway-Otoe clothing/moccasins.Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-84688541105773421962009-02-03T20:34:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:46:01.122-08:00ALPHABETIn the copy I originally was using, the alphabet was in an earlier place, but this is where it probably should be, as in the Google Books example.<br /><br />==Begin==<br /><br />ALPHABET<br /><br />Letters. - Power. - Name.<br /><br />A a - as a in far - a<br />AE ae - " a " fate - ae<br />C c - " ch " chat - che<br />D d - " d " did - de<br />E e - " e " me - e<br />F f - " th " think - the<br />G g - " ng " wrong - ang<br />H h - " h " hat - he<br />J j -" sh " she - she<br />K k -" k " keep - ke<br />M m - " m " man - me, em<br />N n - " n " none - ne, en<br />O o - " o " note - o<br />P p - " p " peep - pe<br />R r - " r " reap - re, er<br />S s - " s " see - se, es<br />T t - " t " tea - te<br />U u - " u " true - u<br />W w - " w " weep - we<br />Y y -" y " ye - ye<br /><br />===end unnumbered page===<br /><br /><br /><I>[LF: Hamilton and Irvin's orthography can be translated into the orthography currently used in Baxoje as:<br /><br />HAM.& IRV. = CONTEMP. IOM<br /><br />a as the a in father = a (ma = arrow)<br />ae as the "a" in fate = e (be = to throw)<br />c as the "ch" in chat = ch (che = buffalo)<br />d as the "d" in did = d (do = wild potato)<br />e as the "e" in me = i (chi = house)<br />f as the "th" in think = th (thi = foot) - NOTE: H&I do not use the dh sound as the "th" in that (madhe = iron)<br />g as the "ng" in wrong = ng (thinge = tail, Otoe form) - NOTE: H & I do not use the ny sound (nyi = water)<br />h as the "h" in hat = h (ha = skin)<br />j as the "sh" in she = sh (shunye = horse) - NOTE: H & I do not have a "j" sound represented in their system at all<br />k as the "k" in keep = k (k'o = the thunder)<br />m as the "m" in man = m (mi = blanket; robe)<br />n as the "n" in none = n (na = tree; wood)<br />o as the "o" in note = o (do = wild potato)<br />p as the "p" in peep = p (pi = good)<br />r as the "r" in reap = r (ruje = to eat)<br />s as the "s" in see = s (sahma = seven)<br />t as the "t" in tea = t (ta = deer)<br />u as the "u" in true = u (buje = acorn)<br />w as the "w" in weep = w (w = wanye (Ioway); wange (Otoe))<br />y as the "y" in ye (you) = y (yan = to lie down)<br /><br />There are a number of sounds that are used in contemporary Ioway-Otoe that are not represented in Hamilton and Irvin. There are no glottal stops, there is no x, no j, no dh, etc. We will examine this situation as the project progresses.]</I><br /><br />===New page - 9. ===<br /><br />GRAMMAR.<br /><br />REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET<br /><br /> The vowels have always a uniform <br />sound, as represented on the prece-<br />ding page.<br /> The consonants are signs repre-<br />senting a particular position of the or-<br />gans of speech, which is shown by<br />pronouncing them in connection with<br />a vowel. This position is nearly, but<br />not quite, the same, that it is when the<br />vowels and consonants are uttered to-<br />gether in the pronunciation of words <br />or syllables in English.<br /> In speaking Ioway, the larynx is<br />more open than it is in the pronuncia-<br />tion of most words in English, which<br />gives to a very large portion of their<br />words a guttural sound.<br /> C, is sounded like ch, in cheer, or<br />church. D. The pure English sound<br />of d is seldom heard, yet the sound is<br />much nearer that of d, than t.<br /><br />===end page 9===Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-32101780767351725562009-02-02T10:56:00.000-08:002009-02-02T12:28:52.101-08:00IndexIn the Google Books version (I do not have an original) the Index comes next after the Preface. It is made of two pages, both unnumbered. <br /><br />Note that this Index was intended by Hamilton and Irvin to be used in place of a Table of Contents and thus is at the beginning of the Grammar instead of at the end.<br /><br />=====begin Index, unnumbered page===<br /><br /><br />INDEX<br /><br />---------------------Page.<br /><br />Remarks on the alphabet --- 9<br />Parts of speech ---------- 15<br />Nouns, of, -------------- 15<br />-" gender of ------------ 16<br />-" case of -------------- 17<br />- " number of ----------- 18<br />- " denoting kindred, ----- 19-22<br />Adjectives, ------------- 23<br />- " comparison of, ------- 23-25<br />- " numeral, ------------ 26-28<br />Article, ---------------- 28<br />- " indefinite ----------- 28-29<br />- " definite ------------ 29<br />Adverbs, ---------------- 30<br />- " list of, -------------- 30-32<br />- " affixes and suffixes, ---- 33<br />Prepositions, ------------ 34<br />- " affixes and suffixes, ---- 35<br />Conjunctions, ------------ 36<br />- " list of, --------------- 37<br />- " enclitical, ------------- 38<br />Interjections, ------------- 39<br />- " list of, --------------- 39<br />Pronouns, --------------- 40<br />- " personal, ------------- 40-41<br />- " declension of, ---------- 41<br />- " remarks on, ------------ 42-44<br />- " fragment, -------------- 44<br />- " declension of, ---------- 41<br />- " adjective, -------------- 46<br />- " -- " demonstrative, ------ 46<br />- " -- " indefinite, ---------- 46<br />- " -- " interrogative, -------- 47<br /><br />===end page===<br /><br />===begin page===<br /><br />Pronouns,<br />- " -- " relative, -------------- 47<br />- " -- " declension of, ---------- 47<br />Verbs, ---------------------- 48<br />- " conjugation of, ------------- 59-61<br />- " -- " -- conj. of, active voice ---83-94<br />- " -- " ---------- passive, " ---- 95<br />- " -- " ---------- middle, " ---- 96<br />- " -- " ---------- reciprocal, " -- 96-104<br />- " moods of, ----------------- 50-53<br />- " -- " -----formation of, ------ 61-62<br />- " -- participles, -------------- 57-58<br />- " -- number of, -------------- 64<br />- " -- Person of, with the changes of the<br />-----fragment-pronoun (rules) -- 65, 67, & 69, 73<br />- " --- exceptions to rules, ------ 67, 68, 74-76<br />- " --- adjectives &c. used as, ---- 79, 80<br />- " --- compound, ------------- 71-72<br />Of the change of a into ae, ------- 72, 74, 124<br />Of the change of the fragment-pronoun in<br />--the passive and reciprocal voices, -- 73-74<br />Verb -- to be, ------------------- 80-81<br />Verbs, rule to find the, ground form --- 81<br />-- " Formation of moods and tenses, table of, - 82<br />-- " conj. of, examples of differnt [sic], -- 111, 115<br />-- " -- "--------" ---- reciprocal voice - 115, 117<br />Irregular verbs, -------------------- 118-119<br />Examples of the different positions of the<br />--------fragment-pronouns -------- 120<br />-- " ---of verbs derived from adjectives, 121, 122<br />-- " ---of the conjugation of compound verbs - 123<br />-- " ---miscellaneous, -------------- 124-126<br />Verb -- u, to do ------------------- 126<br />General remarks, ------------------- 128<br />Rules, -------------------------- 132- 139<br />Appendix ------------------------ 151<br /><br />===end of page===<br /><br />Compare to Google Books' <A HREF="http://books.google.com/books?id=Jx8TAAAAYAAJ&dq=ioway+grammar&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=VFG9xF-MIj&sig=V-K__CyjkU5z5R9Jr_Dc9VxotGE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result#PPA7,M1">Ioway Grammar, given as pp 6-7</A>Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-57224187292559570512009-02-02T10:53:00.000-08:002009-02-02T10:56:15.389-08:00Errata: OopsI just discovered there are a couple of page arrangement differences between the photocopy I am transcribing from and the Google Books version. Perhaps the Alphabet and/or the Index fell out of one or the other and people stuck them in the best they could.<br /><br />So I will leave yesterday's post as is, for now, and list the alphabet again as in the Google Books version, when I get there. But the next section in the Google Books version is the Index!Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-50637470300661869512009-02-01T17:10:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:47:11.005-08:00Hamilton and Irvin's "An Ioway Grammar": Intro; Preface (pages i - xi)-My new project for this Ioway-Otoe Language, Culture and History blog is to take an in-depth look at a historic document published in 1848 and go through it page-by-page. I figure if I try to do a page or so a day, it will take about 6 months, as it is just over 150 pages long. That would put the end of this project in early August. So if I neglect my efforts for more than a day or so, please remind me at <a href="mailto:lancemfoster@yahoo.com">lancemfoster@yahoo.com</a> At the end of the project, sometime in August I hope, I will have it all in a form that can be downloaded for free as a PDF; it will include the original text as well as my bracketed notes and comments. This work is not being scanned, but hand-transcribed.<br /><br />You can read the original on Google Books: <A HREF="http://books.google.com/books?id=Jx8TAAAAYAAJ&dq=ioway+grammar&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=VFG9xF-MIj&sig=V-K__CyjkU5z5R9Jr_Dc9VxotGE&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result">An Ioway Grammar</A><br /><br />This is a grammar of the Ioway language published by William Hamilton and Samuel Irvin, Presbyterian missionaries to the Ioways after we moved to the Kansas reservation due to the provisions of the 1836 treaty. Their mission was located near Highland, Kansas; the grounds are currently preserved as the <A HREF="http://www.kshs.org/places/nativeamerican/history.htm">Native American Heritage Museum</A>(there is a little history of the Ioway and Sac and Fox Mission at that link), belonging to the Kansas State Historical Society. Unfortunately as of this date, it is due to be closed shortly (Jan-Feb 2009), if it isn't closed already, due to state budget shortfalls.<br /><br />This first blog entry covers the beginning, from the title page to the end of the Preface, 9 pages in all; the first three pages are unnumbered, and then there are discrepancies the numbering, running: iv, v, vi, vii, viii, xi. There are no pages numbered ix and x. But while we will come across errors at times, we should remember that Hamilton and Irvin were not trained printers and were learning on the job, and self-taught. They did a pretty amazing job by any reckoning.<br /><br /><H3>TITLE PAGE</H3><br /><br />The title page of the grammar reads as follows [My comments are in brackets and italicized]:<br /><br />===Begin title page i ===<br /><br />AN<br /><br />IOWAY GRAMMAR,<br /><br />ILLUSTRATING<br /><br />THE PRINCIPLES<br /><br />OF THE LANGUAGE<br /><br />USED BY THE<br /><br />IOWAY, OTOE AND MISSOURI<br /><br />INDIANS.<br /><br />-<br /><br />PREPARED AND PRINTED<br /><br />BY<br /><br />REV. WM. HAMILTON<br /><br />AND<br /><br />REV. S. M. IRVIN.<br /><br />Under the direction of the Presbyterian B. F. M. <I>[Board of Foreign Missions]</I><br /><br />-<br /><br />IOWAY AND SAC MISSION PRESS.<br /><br />1848.<br /><br />==end title page i ==<br /><br /><br /><H3>PREFACE</H3><br /><br />===begin page ii facing PREFACE===<br /><br />NOTE. ANY defect, which may appear <br />in the mechanical execution of this <br />work, will be accounted for, when it is<br />remembered that the little press at<br />the station, on which it has been done, <br />is provided with only two kinds of <br />type, and that our experience in the<br />art has been acquired entirely in the<br />Indian country, and without any<br />instructor[.]<br /><br />===end page ii===<br /><br /><br />===begin preface page iii===<br /><br />PREFACE<br /><br /> Every language has something<br />peculiar of its own, not only as far as<br />the construction of sentences, and the<br />arrangement of words are concerned,<br />but also in reference to the particular<br />manner of pronouncing many of its<br />words. The different Indian lan-<br />guages have sounds that none of our<br />characters represent and which an<br />ear, not familiar with the language,<br />can with difficulty detect.<br /> In using, therefore, the Roman char-<br />acter, to write an Indian language,<br />and in adopting the different sounds of<br />the letters, to represent, as far as<br /><br />===end page iii===<br /><br /><br />===begin page iv===<br /><br />practicable, the different sounds em-<br />ployed by them in the formation of<br />words, it is not to be inferred, that <br />every variety of sound is preserved,<br />or that the combination of letters, as<br />we use them, does in all instances,<br />represent the true pronunciation of<br />the different Indian words. As well<br />might it be supposed than an English-<br />man and Frenchman, in reading Lat-<br />in or Greek, would always pronounce<br />the words alike. A good degree of ex-<br />actness, has, however, been attained;<br />and an Indian, when taught to read in<br />his own language, will give the dif-<br />ferent words their correct sound.<br /> The language used by the Ioway,<br />and Otoe and Missouri tribes, is the<br />same; a slight difference is percep-<br /><br />===end page iv===<br /><br /><br /><br />===begin unnumbered page after page iv, and facing page v===<br /><br />ALPHABET<br /><br />Letters. - Power. - Name.<br /><br />A a - as a in far - a<br />AE ae - " a " fate - ae<br />C c - " ch " chat - che<br />D d - " d " did - de<br />E e - " e " me - e<br />F f - " th " think - the<br />G g - " ng " wrong - ang<br />H h - " h " hat - he<br />J j -" sh " she - she<br />K k -" k " keep - ke<br />M m - " m " man - me, em<br />N n - " n " none - ne, en<br />O o - " o " note - o<br />P p - " p " peep - pe<br />R r - " r " reap - re, er<br />S s - " s " see - se, es<br />T t - " t " tea - te<br />U u - " u " true - u<br />W w - " w " weep - we<br />Y y -" y " ye - ye<br /><br />===end unnumbered page===<br /><br /><I><br />[LF: Hamilton and Irvin's orthography can be translated into the orthography currently used in Baxoje as:<br /><br />HAM.& IRV. = CONTEMP. IOM<br /><br />a as the a in father = a (ma = arrow)<br />ae as the "a" in fate = e (be = to throw)<br />c as the "ch" in chat = ch (che = buffalo)<br />d as the "d" in did = d (do = wild potato)<br />e as the "e" in me = i (chi = house)<br />f as the "th" in think = th (thi = foot) - NOTE: H&I do not use the dh sound as the "th" in that (madhe = iron)<br />g as the "ng" in wrong = ng (thinge = tail, Otoe form) - NOTE: H & I do not use the ny sound (nyi = water)<br />h as the "h" in hat = h (ha = skin)<br />j as the "sh" in she = sh (shunye = horse) - NOTE: H & I do not have a "j" sound represented in their system at all<br />k as the "k" in keep = k (k'o = the thunder)<br />m as the "m" in man = m (mi = blanket; robe)<br />n as the "n" in none = n (na = tree; wood)<br />o as the "o" in note = o (do = wild potato)<br />p as the "p" in peep = p (pi = good)<br />r as the "r" in reap = r (ruje = to eat)<br />s as the "s" in see = s (sahma = seven)<br />t as the "t" in tea = t (ta = deer)<br />u as the "u" in true = u (buje = acorn)<br />w as the "w" in weep = w (w = wanye (Ioway); wange (Otoe))<br />y as the "y" in ye (you) = y (yan = to lie down)<br /><br />There are a number of sounds that are used in contemporary Ioway-Otoe that are not represented in Hamilton and Irvin. There are no glottal stops, there is no x, no j, no dh, etc. We will examine this situation as the project progresses.]<br /><br /></I><br />===begin page v===<br /><br />tible in their mode of speaking, and<br />a few words are common to one tribe<br />that are not common to the others;<br />(App. 11.) yet the difference is not<br />greater than is often found to prevail<br />among the inhabitants of the different<br />States.<br /> There is so much similarity in the<br />languages of many of the Indian tribes,<br />that it shows them to have had one<br />common origin, while others, again,<br />differ as widely as two languages can<br />differ. This dissimilarity is seen in<br />the Ioway and Sac languages in <br />which no two words are alike.<br /> If the language of the Ioway In-<br />dians be taken as the starting point,<br />(though tradition says that they,<br />with many other tribes, were original-<br /><br />===end page v===<br /><br />===begin page vi===<br /><br />ly Winnebagoes,) then those of the<br />same family would, as far as has been<br />ascertained, stand related to it in the<br />following order;<br /><br />-1st. IOWAY<br />---- OTOE<br />---- MISSOURI.<br />-2nd. WINNEBAGO<br />-3rd.---Kanzas<br />-------Osage<br />-------Quapaw<br />----------Omahaw<br />----------Panca.<br /><br /> A number of words are common to<br />all these tribes, and not a few words<br />differ only in the accent and the<br />change of a few letters, indicating a<br />common origin; yet time has produ-<br />ced such a change that in conversing<br />together an interpreter is necessary.<br /><br />===end page vi===<br /><br />===begin page vii===<br /><br />The barrenness which is supposed<br />to belong to most Indian languages,<br />does not result from the structure, or<br />nature of the language, but from the<br />want of ideas in those who use it.<br />So far as they have ideas, they do not<br />lack words to express them, though<br />the mode of expression, among them,<br />is often as different from that in use<br />among us, as their language is from<br />ours. *<br />------<br /><br />* Illustrative of this remark is the following note,<br />which should have been added to the table of kin-<br />dred on page 20.<br />1st. There is no word in Ioway expressive of<br />---the relation of cousin.<br />2nd. UNCLES on the father's side, are called fa-<br />---thers, and their children, brothers and sisters.<br />3rd. AUNTS on the mother's side, are called <br />---mothers, and their children, brothers and<br />---sisters.<br />4th. UNCLES on the mother's side, are called<br />---uncles, and their sons sustain the same rela-<br /><br />===end page vii===<br /><br /><br />===begin page viii===<br /><br /> In reducing an unwritten to a writ-<br />ten language, difficulties will necessa-<br />rily be encountered, and it is not pre-<br />tended that all these difficulties have<br />been surmounted in the present case.<br />But it is believed that, in the attempt<br />here made, a sufficient degree of exact-<br />ness has been attained to aid those<br />who may wish to acquire a knowledge<br />of the Ioway language.<br /> It will be seen, on examination, that<br />this little work has not been prepared<br />to teach the science of Grammar, but<br />to illustrate the grammatical construc- [sic: needs "tion"]<br />of the language. All definitions of<br /><br />-----<br />---tion, while their daughters are called mo-<br />---thers.<br />5th. AUNTS on the father's side are called aunts,<br />---and their children nephews and nieces.<br />6th. Children of cousins, address the cousins of<br />---their parents as uncle and aunt; and vice<br />---versa of all the above.<br /><br />===end of page viii===<br /><br />===begin page ix -- mistakenly numbered xi in original, as there is no ix nor x===<br /><br />the parts of speech etc. have there-<br />fore been omitted, presuming that all<br />whose interest or curiosity may lead<br />them to examine this, are already ac-<br />quainted with the science of Grammar.<br /><br />IOWAY AND SAC MISSION:<br />INDIAN TERRITORY.<br />1848.<br /><br />===end page ix===Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-76606962739642210262008-01-22T22:51:00.000-08:002008-01-22T22:56:28.043-08:00"Lost Nation: The Ioway" DocumentaryTrailer for the documentary on the Ioway people: "Lost Nation: The Ioway." Learn more about this award-winning film at the <a href="http://www.iowaymovie.com/">official website for "Lost Nation: The Ioway"</a> and the <a href="http://docublogger.typepad.com/ioway/">"Lost Nation" movie's ongoing weblog</a>.<br /><br /><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/dKyebinVDiM&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/dKyebinVDiM&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object>Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-22512297442581666202008-01-22T22:48:00.000-08:002008-01-22T22:49:54.165-08:00In Memoriam: Joann Comer, IowayJoann Comer passed away on December 15, 2007. We knew her as a beautiful person who was devoted to her family and the Ioway people. As a Tribal Elder and cultural advocate, Joann played an important role in the documentary film project on Ioway history and culture, "Lost Nation: The Ioway." We will miss her.<br /><br /><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/12cG5AiWxUY&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/12cG5AiWxUY&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object>Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-35657756685687896352008-01-22T22:44:00.000-08:002009-03-06T07:47:54.432-08:00Ioway-Otoe Language Lessons<object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/gYSY6tyEav0&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/gYSY6tyEav0&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/bp_ZZ9DBUew&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bp_ZZ9DBUew&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/eCoB1aOFQwI&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/eCoB1aOFQwI&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object>Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1425825821397712194.post-10021623281968954022008-01-22T22:34:00.000-08:002008-01-22T22:42:58.987-08:00Otoe Powwow 2007Otoe Powwow 2007<br /><br /><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/-HOtYWVPP1A&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/-HOtYWVPP1A&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/Py_Y4MzjCDE&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/Py_Y4MzjCDE&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object><br /><br /><object width="425" height="355"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/uVhu8Nd1lOk&rel=1"></param><param name="wmode" value="transparent"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/uVhu8Nd1lOk&rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="355"></embed></object>Lance M. Fosterhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17404310713482611952noreply@blogger.com