e-to-ska, ----------his, or her nephew.
he-nto-ska-me, ------my niece.
de-to-ska-me,-------your niece.
e-to-ska-me,--------his, or her niece.
he-yu-gae, ---------my daughter.
de-yu-gae,----------your daughter.
e-yu-gae,----------his, or her daughter.
he-ye-gae, ----------my son
de-ye-gae,-----------your son.
e-ye-gae, -----------his, or her son.
he-nta-kwa,---------my grandson.
de-ta-kwa,----------your grandson.
e-ta-kwa,-----------his , or her grandson.
he-nta-kwame,--------my granddaughter.
de-ta-kwa-me,-------your granddaughter.
e-ta-kwa-me,--------his, or her granddaughter.
he-ye-na,-----------my elder brother.
de-ye-na,------------your elder brother.
e-ye-na, ------------his, or her elder brother.
he-nfu-gae,----------my younger brother.
de-fu-gae,-----------your younger brother.
e-fu-gae,-----------his, or her younger brother.
he-yu-na,-----------my elder sister.
de-yu-na,-----------your elder sister
e-yu-na,-----------his, or her elder sister.
===end p 21===
Lance's Notes for p 21
nephew (c'td from p 20)
e-to-ska, ----------his, or her nephew.
itoska (H/I)
hintosge (today)
The a vs e in tosga/tosge is because the actual
sound is like e in bet; H/I wrote it using a
a and today we use an e, although the sound
is neither a strict a 'ah' or a strict e 'ay' sound
in other words, you don't pronounce it
to-SGAY or to-SKAH
it is supposed to sound more like
to-SKEH
as in hintosge/hintoska
heen-TOH-skeh = my nephew
And remember in Indian usage, you don't refer
to your relative by name, but by kinship.
We do this partially in English.
Most of us say "Mom" or "Dad"
not "Jane" or Joe"
We say "Grandma" or "Grandpa"
not "Bob" or "Sue"
We do say "Uncle Fred" or "Aunt Sue"
Kind of a hybrid form
But in English we call brothers or sisters,
sons, daughters, nephews, nieces
by their given name.
Not so in traditional Indian culture,
where we always address someone
by the relationship they have to us.
Using someone's given name to
address them is not respectful,
the same way calling your Grandmother
"hey Emily !" is not respectful.
niece
he-nto-ska-me, ------my niece.
hintoskami (H/I)
hintosgemi (today)
de-to-ska-me,-------your niece.
ditoskami (H/I)
ritosgemi (today)
NOTE on R, a a reminder: H/I and many others have hear initial r as d,
--because initial r flapped sounds much like a d to English-speakers;
--Ioway r is not the hard r we hear in English, is is like the flapped r
---in Spanish (not the trilled r in Spanish)
e-to-ska-me,--------his, or her niece.
itoskami (H/I)
itosgemi (today)
daughter
he-yu-gae, ---------my daughter.
hiyunge (H/I)
hiyunge (today)
the i is nasalized,
but if I wrote hinyunge, some might be
tempted to pronounce it
hee-NYOONG-ay
instead of the way it should be pronounced
hee(n)-YOONG-ay
de-yu-gae,----------your daughter.
diyunge (H/I)
riyunge (today)
e-yu-gae,----------his, or her daughter.
iyunge (H/I)
iyunge (today)
son
he-ye-gae, ----------my son
hiyinge (H/I)
hiyinge (today)
de-ye-gae,-----------your son.
diyinge (H/I)
riyinge (today)
e-ye-gae, -----------his, or her son.
iyinge (H/I)
iyinge (today)
grandson
he-nta-kwa,---------my grandson.
hintakwa (H/I)
hintagwa (today)
de-ta-kwa,----------your grandson.
ditagwa (H/I)
ritagwa (today)
e-ta-kwa,-----------his , or her grandson.
itakwa (H/I)
itagwa (today)
granddaughter
he-nta-kwame,--------my granddaughter.
hintakwami (H/I)
hintagwami (today)
de-ta-kwa-me,-------your granddaughter.
ditagwami (H/I)
ritagwami (today)
e-ta-kwa-me,--------his, or her granddaughter.
itakwami (H/I)
itagwami (today)
elder brother
he-ye-na,-----------my elder brother.
hiyina (H/I)
hiyina (today)
de-ye-na,------------your elder brother.
diyina (H/I)
riyina (today)
e-ye-na, ------------his, or her elder brother.
iyina (H/I)
iyina (today)
younger brother
he-nfu-gae,----------my younger brother.
hinthunge (H/I)
hinthunge (today)
de-fu-gae,-----------your younger brother.
dithunge (H/I)
rithunge (today)
e-fu-gae,-----------his, or her younger brother.
ithunge (H/I)
ithunge (today)
elder sister
he-yu-na,-----------my elder sister.
hiyuna (H/I)
hiyuna (today)
de-yu-na,-----------your elder sister
diyuna (H/I)
riyuna (today)
e-yu-na,-----------his, or her elder sister.
iyuna (H/I)
iyuna (today)
[end p. 21 notes]
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